Nanling Mountain and Luoxiao Mountain join up in Ganzhou. The eastern part of Nanling metallogenitic belt is in Ganzhou, which is one of the most important tungsten metallogentic belts in China. This unique and complex geological structure makes Ganzhou a famous area of tungsten resources in the world, reserves106 mining areas and more than 30%of total reserves of China.

Tungsten reserves in Ganzhou are characterized by concentrated reserves, various kings of ore deposits, high quality ore, many associated minerals. From stratigraphical analysis the average tungsten content in stratum of Ganzhou is 9.53ppm, somewhere more than 12ppm. This is more than 7 times over the world average value of 1.3 ppm. Ore deposit forms include quartz-cassiterite vein, stratiform vein ,meta-sand rock etc. Among them quartz cassiterite vein with its deposit scale and reserve volume ,is the largest one in China or even in the world .As main kind of tungsten ore , wolfamite of high quality is with high grade and easy to dress. The recovery of dressing is generally more than 85%.The associated minerals of tungsten ore deposits: tin, molybdenum, bismuth, copper, lead, zinc, silver and beryllium, niobium, tantalum, rare earth, lithium, crystal, fluorite and so on ,could be all recovered and made use of .

Based on the regularity of tungsten ore formation and special geologic structure in Ganzhou, geologists have found the so called ‘5-layer structure ’and ‘7-layer structure ’model for the vein type tungsten deposits,especially for wolframite. This means that from surface to depth of earth stratum the vein gets larger and the vein type changes in order of ‘mark belt made of super fine linear veins –fine veins belt –fine and thin veins mixed belt –thin veins belt –large veins belt’. These models have played an important role in research and development of geological survey and mining. It is forecasted that in the next 5 years the tungsten reserves newly found in Ganzhou will be 2 times of the reserves today .Tungsten resources in Ganzhou are sure to have huge potential and bright future.

 

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Forging is a main machining process to produce tungsten radiation shielding.Tungsten and several tungsten alloys have been successfully forged over a wide range of temperatures from as low as 1800 to 3500F. In rocket nozzle forging, a billet height reduction of approximately 80% at forging temperatures below the critical recrystallization temperature is considered essential. This imparts the fine-grained, fully wrought, fibrous structure that is characteristic of high strength and good ductility at low transition temperatures.

Tungsten is generally forged in the hot-cold work temperature range where hardness and strength increase with increasing reductions. Both systems exhibit increase forgeability with decreasing grain size. The greatest use of tungsten forgings has been in rocket nozzle applications. Production forging of tungsten nozzle inserts has been largely limited to billets prepared by powder metallurgy techniques because of their earlier availability than cast tungsten.

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Tungsten polymers are used to produce catheters and other devices that are inserted into the body for diagnostic or interventional procedures are commonly filled with substances opaque to x-rays, thereby rendering the devices visible under fluoroscopy or x-ray imaging. These fillers, or radiopacifiers—tungsten(typically dense metal powders)—affect the energy attenuation of photons in an x-ray beam as it passes through matter, reducing the intensity of the photons by absorbing or deflecting them. Because these materials exhibit a higher attenuation coefficient than soft tissue or bone, they appear lighter on a fluoroscope or x-ray film. This visibility provides the contrast needed to accurately position the device in the affected area. Image contrast and sharpness can be varied by the type and amount of radiopacifier used, and can be tailored to the specific application of the device.

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A particularly dense material with excellent shielding properties is needed to ensure that the surrounding tissue is protected and the radiation guided only to the intended locations--high density tungsten alloys are widely used as medical and industrial radiation shielding applications.

Tungsten alloys are used for radioactive source containers, gamma ray protection, radiation shields, x-ray shielding and source holders for oil-well, logging, and industrial instrumentation. We can also use our tungsten alloys to make collimators and shielding for cancer therapy machines, and as syringe protection for radioactive injections.

There is no licensing required for tungsten alloy materials. Tungsten alloys are stable at high temperatures. You can use one-third less material than lead for the same energy-absorbing effectiveness, meanwhile it is non-toxic.

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Extrusion, which is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. Tungsten alloy material can be pushed or pulled through a die of the desired cross-section in extrusion process. The extrusion process may also increase the strength of tungsten alloy shielding.

The process begins by heating the stock material (for hot or warm extrusion). It is then loaded into the container under the press. A dummy block is placed behind it where the ram then presses on the material to push it out of the die. Afterward the extrusion is stretched in order to straighten it. If better properties are required then it may be heat treated. The extrusion ratio is defined as the starting cross-sectional area divided by the cross-sectional area of the final extrusion. Compared with forging, one of the main advantages of the extrusion process is that this ratio can be very large while still producing with quality. For the extrusion process, only one compression can cause extrusion ratio is about 60%~80%. In forging process, one compression cause extrusion ratio is no more than 20% ,otherwise the scrap rate will be greatly enhanced.

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Ammonium paratungstate (APT) is one of the materials for the preparation of lanthanum tungsten electrode, which is a kind of white crystalline salt. After World War II, there are literatures showing that the anion in (NH₄)₁₀(W₁₂O₄₁) ·5H₂O has been proved to be [H₂W₁₂O₄₂]¹⁰⁻, holding two hydrogen atoms inside the cage. Tungsten-oxygen cage, the focus of the anion, requires 42 oxygen molecules. Therefore, the correct formula expression for ammonium paratungstate is (NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂] ·4H₂O. On the contrary to the paratungstate A ion, whose anion is [W₇O₂₄]⁶⁻, the paratungstate B ion is [H₂W₁₂O₄₂]¹⁰⁻ ion, which is similar to the paramolybdate ion. However, the existence of the paratungstate A ion can’t be confirmed by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy.

Before 1930, there had been some argument about the exact composition of the salt, and someone had proposed the two structures at that time: (NH₄)₁₀W₁₂O₄₁ and (NH₄)₆W₇O₂₄. And O.W. Gibbs had said that” the alkali tungstate are unusually complex. Salts of essentially different formula is so close in composition ratio that the differences lie very near the unavoidable errors of analysis. The analysis is hardly sufficiently close to deciding the question on purely analytical grounds." 

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The minimum stable arc current comparison of cerium tungsten electrode and thorium tungsten electrode, as follows:

As can be drawn from the table:
When the diameter of electrode material is relatively large (=5.0mm), the minimum stable arc current (100A) is the same of the four kinds of electrodes, and with the decrease of diameter, cerium tungsten electrode arc performance improves, and it is better than thorium tungsten electrode’s.

 

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Ammonium paratungstate (APT) is one of the raw materials for preparing lanthanum tungsten electrode, the other two are three tungsten oxide and lanthanum acetate, which is a white crystalline compound, and there are two shapes, flaky and acicular.

Physical properties
Molecular weight: 283.9145
Molar mass: 3132.2g / mоl
Boiling point: 600 ℃
Shape: acicular white crystals, flaky white crystals white crystals
Solubility: slightly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. When the temperature is less than 20 ℃, its solubility (in water) is less than 2%; when the temperature rises to 220-280 ℃, ammonium paratungstate lose some crystal water and ammonia, converting to ammonium paratungstate (AMT); when the temperature rise up to 600 ℃, it will lose all ammonia and crystalline water, converts to WO₃ (yellow).

Application
It is mainly used for the preparation of WO₃ or metal W powder, and it can also be used to prepare AMT or the other tungsten compounds, electric vacuum material (tungsten wire, tungsten rod), tungsten carbide (tungsten carbide cutting tools, drills, dies, etc.), mechanical parts (wear resistance, high temperature resistance and compression resistance) or as an additive (in petrochemical industry).



 

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Tungsten trioxide is one of the materials for lanthanum tungsten electrode preparation, when using it for preparing electrodes, then you should pay attention to the following precautions:

(1) The presence of dust should be avoided.
(2) The process should be operated in a closed shop, and the local exhaust ventilation should be carried out to prevent dispersion of dust into the air in workshop.
(3) All relevant operating personnel must be trained specialized knowledge of tungsten trioxide, and ask them to strictly abide by the rules.
(4) All operators should wear rubber acid resistance suit, wearing self-absorption filter respirators, chemical safety goggles and rubber gloves and other protective equipment.
(5) The contact between tungsten trioxide and bromine pentfluoride or chlorine trifluoride should be avoided.
(6) Equipped with spill response equipment.
(7) Empty containers where may remain hazardous materials.
(8) Tungsten trioxide should be stored in cool and ventilated coffers and away from fire, heat and direct sunlight.
(9) Seal package, its storage should not mix with chlorine trifluoride or bromine pentfluoride.
(10) The storage area should have the right bucket to install spillage.

 

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Blind Killers tungsten dart rule is a really fun game designed to be played with 3 or more people. The more people playing the more fun it is. It is a great game to play when there are an odd number of people and everyone wants to play tungsten darts. This is also an excellent way to practice your out's for x01. This particular game is a game of memory, trust, luck, it is not a game to be played with strangers at the pub late at night (or for money).

The Object: To win Blind Killers you must simply be the last person on the scoreboard with a life left.

The Scoring: The names are place down the left side of the score board in any order. Generally, after the first game is played, the player who was knocked out first gets to throw first in the next game. For the first game, I usually do a closest to the bulls-eye with one tungsten dart each. Next to each name, three tally marks are placed to indicate the number of lives each player has left.

The Play: Play is identical to that of regular Killers except that no one knows what the other player’s numbers are! Please be sure to read the rules for Killers before continuing with this game.

The numbers 1 through 20 are written on slips of paper and placed in a hat. Each player takes a slip of paper and remembers the number on it. That number is that players number for the duration of the game. It is not necessary to throw your own double to become a killer (you'd only give away your number if you did.

This game obviously relies on honesty and memory. The player's must remember there number and watch carefully for other people to hit it. They must also remember how many lives they have left and step down when the third life is taken.

Variations of this game can be played to adjust to the players' level. You could use all triples for stronger players or require a double bull to become a killer. For weaker players, use the thin inner wedge of the number. On occasion, I have had several average players and one "I never picked up a tungsten dart before" kind of person (notice they always seem to win!?!) want to play. So what I do is set that the "new player" only has to hit the thin or thick single wedge to become a killer or kill while the rest of us have to hit doubles. With all the combinations available it's easy to balance the play to be fun for everyone.

Strategy: There is no strategy, this is a game of luck. The only hint is to try to watch your opponent faces and body language when you hit or get real close to a double, there might be the slightest reaction that can clue you if that number is owned.

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