For tungsten carbide, it contains metal binding phase Co, which has low melting point. And Co will easily be plastic deformation and swept by carbide particles under high temperature. This will leave many pits and voids on the surface of nozzle erosion, which makes the hard phase particles broken and eventually fall off due to the loss of support. Therefore, the most common abrasive pattern is grain falling. In addition, pottery has high melting point and its hardness is higher than other carbide particles so that it has good anti-erosion of low angle. However, pottery belongs to fragile material and its bending strength is weaker than tungsten carbide. So when heat stress inside exceed the limits, which it can bear, will crack finally.

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Thorium tungsten electrode containing 1-1.2% of thorium oxide, thorium is a radioactive material, in the welding process and the contact process with thorium tungsten rod, it will affected by radiation. Radiation can have an influence on human body in two forms: one is external beam radiation, and the second one is internal exposure through the respiratory and digestive system. From a lot of investigation and determination on GIT welding and plasma welding, it has proved that the electrode is with less harmful radioactivity, because the thorium tungsten electrode daily consumption is only 100-200 mg, the radiation dose is minimal, which has little effect on the human body. But there are two conditions must be noted: First, when welding in a container, the ventilation is poor, the radioactive particles in dust may exceed health standards; secondly, when grinding thorium tungsten rod and the storage place of thorium tungsten rod, the concentration of radioactive aerosols and radioactive dust can reach or exceed health standards. If radioactive substances invade the body, it can cause chronic radiation disease, mainly in: the decline of general functional state, who will feel obvious weakness, and its resistance to infectious diseases will decrease, and weight will lose and other symptoms.



 

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Since the second half of 2000, according to the policy and plans of reformation for the whole national tungsten industries, Ganzhou city government has carried out a comprehensive research and made a decision to merge and reorganize the industry and, distributed it as a policy to the local governments to enforce. Therefore, Ganzhou tungsten industry turned to the right way of conforming resources to develop the whole industry.

Control the mining order by prohibiting illegal exploitation activities

For many years, Ganzhou government took effective measures to clean up illegal mining activities by stopping the supply of power, water and relevant mining materials to some mines, driving out thousands of illegally mining workers from mines, canceling hundreds of illegal mining places, and closing dozens of mines which were over-mined, cross-border-mined, and danger-hidden. Status of many mines sharing the same license and renting mines were held back. Thus the tungsten industry has been kept in order.

After effectively straightening, the problems of disordered mining have been solved basically, the orders of mining turned better. Ganzhou government strictly executed the national policy and yearly plan for tungsten concentrate producing by adopting measures of managing tungsten quota, controlling the supply of detonator materials, approving the confidential of artificial person and controlling the output strictly.

 

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The 20 years, when the Chinese opening and reform went deeper, was also an important period for the development of tungsten industrial system and tungsten processing in Ganzhou.

In Nov. 1981, the first national science conference of tungsten industry was held in Xihuashan tungsten mine of Dayu County. Mr. Fang Yi, the vice-premier at that time, made an important speech and presented his inscription “making efforts to develop tungsten industry”. Developing new applications and leading to the downstream products processing have been presented in this conference.

In 1984, Ganzhou Tungsten and Molybdenum Materials Factory was into production. By importing the technologies from Janpan, it developed tungsten powder, sintered bar, wire etc.. In the same year, some local tungsten metallurgy factories were set up and went into production.

During the middle and late 1980s, without control from the government, Ganzhou tungsten industry resulted in the situations of illegal exploration and mining, losing control of quality, smuggle and out-of-order competition.

At the beginning of 1990s, the price of tungsten was much less than the cost of mining. Ganzhou tungsten industry got into depression. Some newly-built tungsten smelting enterprises also met great trouble.

In the middle and late 1990s, as reformation going further, the private companies began their business in tungsten industry. Many companies and mines which were near to bankruptcy were merged and reorganized. Since then on, enterprises have been going better. In 2000, Ganzhou tungsten mines produced tungsten concentrate 22553 tons, and their sales value reached RMB 707 million and tax RMB 43.72 million. 

 

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Smelting, Processing and Related Industries

In 1952, Dayu Tin Plant produced composed scheelite successfully by using sintering method.

In 1958, Ganzhou Concentration Plant was established and started its production. After 1963, tungstic acid, APT, W powder, WC powder and cemented carbide could be produced too.

Then “Umbrella” brand APT produced by Ganzhou 801 Factory was sold to Japan, US, UK and France. But the output of the tungsten products was still less than 2,000 tons.

Ganzhou tungsten industry stimulated the development of mining equipment, meltallurgical equipment. Starting with only one repair factory, at present Ganzhou has 10 machine factories including metallurgy machine factory and mining machine factory, plus 17 machine factories owned by mines. The metallurygy chemical factories, led by 803 Factory, produced over 14t of all types of explosives.

Education and Scientific Research

In Ganzhou, education and research institutes for non-ferrous industry were well developed. In 1958, metallurgical ministry established Jiangxi metallurgical college (now Jiangxi University of Science and Technology). Afterwards, the Geology Ministry established Jiangxi Geology College. 

 

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Under normal circumstances, thorium tungsten electrode can act as positive electrode of carbon, stainless steel, or nickel alloy, or negative electrode of titanium alloy. Because it has excellent operational performance, so even in overload current, it can also work well.

Thorium tungsten electrode applied in direct current welding field and pure tungsten electrode is for AC welding. Before the welding process, the staff should read the thorium tungsten electrode instructions carefully.

Thorium tungsten electrode applied in carbon and stainless steel field. Thorium oxide content of 2% in thorium tungsten electrode is usually better than 1% of oxide content in improving its operational performance. When using thorium tungsten electrode in AC welding, the speed should be faster, and it should be used with caution in order to direct current welding react before AC welding. When in AC welding, ball balled would not melt, so the effect is not so well as liquid ball.



 

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Under the same experimental conditions (with the same diameter) conditions, and the comparison of the arc performance between cerium tungsten electrode and tungsten thorium electrode is shown as below:

(1) Cathode spot
Cathode spot is associated with the life of the cathode spot; the comparative experiment of the two electrodes shows that, the cathode spot of cerium tungsten electrode’s tip electrode of is the smallest, so its loss is minimal, and therefore its life is longer than tungsten thorium electrode (the influence of organizational structure).

(2) Cathode voltage drop
2% Cerium - Tungsten 12.0 volts
2% thorium - tungsten 13.0 volts

(3) Electrode emission current density
Cerium tungsten electrode’s emission current density is higher than tungsten thorium electrode and its arc is bright and narrow.

(4) Minimum arc voltage
Under the same conditions, thorium tungsten electrode’s arc voltage electrode is: 30 V; whereas cerium tungsten electrode is 12 volts.

(5) Minimum stable arc current
In large diameter, both electrodes have minimum stable arc current, with the decrease of diameter, cerium tungsten electrode have a preferably arc current performance.

 

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Scoring a tungsten dart match always looks easier the further you are from the chalkboard. Basic subtraction and addition can become incredibly difficult when you're in the spotlight, at the scoreboard. Here are a few things every darter should know before agreeing to be scorekeeper for tungsten dart match.

Scoring the match: the proper way to score an '01 match is to write the score per throw on the outside of the chalkboard and the total score on the inside, so the two opponent's scores are side by side on the inside of the scoreboard. For a cricket tungsten dart match, score the points at the top of the board and work your way down. You can note all stars next to the name of the darter at the top of the board. Also make sure that the scoreboard is easy to see from the dart line. Sometimes a scorekeeper will accidentally block the scoreboard by standing in front of it. Try to allow a clear view of the tungsten dart scores.

Act professionally and don't be afraid to ask questions. As a scorekeeper it's important to be calm. Make sure not to laugh, sneer or otherwise demean a bad throw. Also, do not establish rules after the game has begun. Never tell the thrower what double he has left or provide any strategy on how to finish the game. If you are not sure about a score, ask the thrower to confirm your math. Players should tell you the total scored per turn, however not all darters do this. If you're having difficulties recording a dart score, ask for help. Everyone knows how hot it is under the spotlight.

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Scoring a tungsten dart match always looks easier the further you are from the chalkboard. Basic subtraction and addition can become incredibly difficult when you're in the spotlight, at the scoreboard. Here are a few things every darter should know before agreeing to be scorekeeper for tungsten dart match.

No matter how tempting it is, don't look at the dart thrower on the line. As the scorekeeper for the tungsten dart match, you are in the line of sight for the players as they throw. Therefore, it is very important to stand still and face the dartboard. Whatever you do, don’t look directly at the players as they throw. This is very distracting for most dart throwers. Other "no-no's" are tapping the chalkboard, writing down scores per dart (always wait until all three tungsten darts have been thrown), and giving words of encouragement or advice to the tungsten dart thrower.

Scorekeeper's responsibilities: you are the official referee for the match, so it's important to know your responsibilities. You should call out the total score of each player's throw. As the scorekeeper, you can tell the darter how many points are required to finish the game. You also have the final decision on any controversy, such as who is closest to the middle of the dartboard. You may warn or disqualify the throw of a player stepping over the line. You can also re-adjust the dartboard if it is turned during a game.

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For example, a player has to hit "S5" (the small wedge of the 5). With the first dart he hits the "S5". He now has two darts to set a new target. He aims at double bull ("D25") and hits it. He may now choose to sit down and not throw the third dart and leave the "D25". Let's say that, for some insane reason, he decides to try for a double 18, and misses off the board. He now loses a life and the next player now must hit "S5". The next player now gets up and hits the "S5" on his third dart. He pulls his darts and throws his first dart and hits "T20" (triple 20). Satisfied, he sits down choosing not to throw the other two darts.

If a player sets a target and all other players fail to match the target, when it's that players turn again, no throw is necessary. The player may choose to stay seated and keep the same target number. If the player chooses to risk trying a turn, the player must hit the target same as everyone else. If the player misses a life is lost just as if he did not set the number that stumped everyone else. It is usually wiser to just leave the number and not take the risk.

Strategy: There really isn't much strategy, just make sure when you setting the next target number that your last tungsten dart hits and stays in the board. It's better to leave the next player a big fat single-20 as a target than to have your last dart bounce-out of the double-bull.

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