Tungsten alloy gamma shield has high-density , the small physical size, high rigidity and the effectiveness of the shielding characteristics,  therefore it has a strong value.Applications of gamma radiation shield tungsten alloy has two main aspects:

1: medicine. Gamma ray is mainly used in the medical and therapeutic drugs to kill certain types of cancer and tumors, but in this process, the gamma ray will inevitably damage other cells in our body. Therefore, we need to control tungsten gamma shield gamma rays.

2: industry. Geological logging tungsten gamma radiation shield: Geological logging is an exploration technology, mainly for the oil and gas industry. It is also known as wire-line logging and well logging. Gamma ray source, and reduce radiation penetrates well into the formation, and then can be analyzed from these data, to determine the presence of gas or petroleum. Tungsten alloy for shielding radioactive sources, but also used in γ-ray collimator. Gamma rays in the industry, for the detection of internal defects of metal castings and welded structures, industrial radiography, industrial radiography using a gamma-ray detector material, commonly used in metal and concrete structures fault, in this case, we need to tungsten gamma shield γ-rays to protect our body. Pipeline patrol lines and tungsten collimator device also uses a tungsten gamma radiation shield.


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Carbide ( Or rather called Tungsten Carbide and Titanium Carbide) is normal materials which are widely used for any kinds of cutting tools. For example: Saw Blades, Lathe Tools, Drill, Turning and Milling Tools and Dental Bits are always made from Carbide Materials. Carbide is widely used at these tools because carbide's wear-resistant, sharper and useful time is longer than other materials. In additional, carbide balls are also used in pen tips, because it is more wear-resistant.
 
Like tools of tungsten carbide saw blades, its main body is made from Steel. Tungsten Carbide Tips is brazed on the saw blades. Fine-quality tungsten carbide tips is excellent wear-resistant, its useful time can up to 20 times than Steel tips.
 
Tungsten carbide tips has turned in the last, but you can re-grind them just like you grind steel tools, but tungsten carbide tips is harder, so grinding tools is different. Normally, we use diamond tools or tungsten carbide grinding wheels.
 
Most of the whole tools are not made from carbide, because carbide's price is very expensive and it is very brittle. So, steel is better materials which are used for making main body, it is more stronger, not easy to crack and broken.

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The mining industry has one of the highest demands for tools that have high wear-resistant, as working in a mine involves cutting through hard rock, often spanning several miles. Having tools that are resistant to wear means the company doesn’t have to replace their tools often, preventing money lost due to down times. Thus, there is a need for tungsten carbide coating of tools that do not wear out easily, ensuring continued productivity for longer periods of time.

Before the use of these tungsten carbide coating tools, mining was primarily done using pick axes and shovels, to be replaced later on by tools made of steel. Where shovels relied on pure manpower to get the job done, steel tools did a better job, albeit, they were susceptible to wear.

Then came carbide tools. Since tools made of tungsten carbide are tougher and more wear-resistant, these tools are able to perform their job faster and for a longer time when compared to steel tools.

Mining companies are always on the lookout for more abrasion resistant tools beyond the usual tungsten carbide-coated tools. Cemented carbide was developed by combining tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, and cobalt. This combination is even harder than regular carbine, while further improving ordinary tungsten carbine’s heat resistance ability.

Diamond may also be added to the tools, as diamond is the toughest material on the planet, which can easily cut through practically any material.

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The word tungsten means "heavy stone" in Swedish. The chemical symbol for tungsten is W which stands for wolfram. The name came from medieval German smelters who found that tin ores containing tungsten had a much lower yield. It was said that the tungsten devoured the tin "like a wolf". Pure tungsten metal was first isolated by two Spanish chemists, the de Elhujar brothers in 1783. Tungsten is a greyish-white lustrous metal, which is a solid at room temperature. Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids.

Chemical Properties

Electrochemical Equivalent: 1.1432g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function: 4.55eV
Electronegativity (Pauling): 2.36
Heat of Fusion: 35.4kJ/mol
Incompatiblities:
Bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, fluorine, iodine pentafluoride
Ionization Potential
First: 7.98
Valance Electron Potential (-eV): 140

Physical Properties

Atomic Mass Average: 183.85
Boiling Point: 5928K 5655°C 10211°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion:
0.0000046cm/cm/°C (0°C)
Conductivity
Electrical: 0.189 106/cm
Thermal: 1.74 W/cmK
Density: 19.35g/cc @ 300K
Elastic Modulus:
Bulk: 310/GPa
Rigidity: 161/GPa
Youngs: 411/GPa

Enthalpy of Atomization: 837 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 35.23 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 799.1 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class: Combustible
Freezing Point: 3680K 3407°C 6165°F

Hardness Scale
Brinell: 2570 MN m-2
Mohs: 7.5
Vickers: 3430 MN m-2

Heat of Vaporization: 824kJ/mol
Melting Point: 3680K 3407°C 6165°F

Molar Volume: 9.5 cm3/mole
Optical Reflectivity: 62%
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.13J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 4.27Pa@3407°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7440-33-7

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Tungsten is alloyed with different elements such as nickel, copper, and iron to produce a large variety of tungsten alloys. Many of these alloys have engineering properties similar to steel, are relatively easy to machine, and can be plated or painted to enhance their corrosion protection. Tungsten Alloys are approximately 50% denser than lead resulting in a higher concentration of mass in a limited area. It is critical to understand the differences between the various tungsten alloys and grades, and the advantages and limitations of the processes use to make these alloys.

Tungsten Alloys have found wide acceptance in applications such as radiation shielding, medical equipment, boring bars, vibration dampening, sporting goods, as well as counterweights in aircraft and racing cars.

Tungsten Alloys per ASTM B777-07 in various grades with a variety of densities (17.00 GM/CC to 18.50 GM/CC) and various physical, magnetic, mechanical and chemical properties. However, it is very important to realize that the fabrication process for tungsten alloys does not lend itself to the manufacture of standard size forms (such as plate, sheet, long rod/bar, etc.), as one would expect with other alloys.

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1 . Introduction of Tungsten Alloy radiation shielding

Tungsten alloy is ideal for shielding against X-rays and gamma radiation. The very high density of tungsten shielding (more than 60% denser than lead) allows a reduction in the physical size of shielding components, without compromising their rigidity or the effectiveness of the shielding characteristics.

Whether you need to protect sensitive electronic equipment or delicate human tissue, the energy-absorbing properties of T&D’s tungsten alloys make them exceptional choices for radiation shielding applications, in both medical and industrial settings.

Compared to traditional radiation shielding materials, tungsten alloys provide excellent value. A high-density alloy can provide the same energy absorption as lead using 1/3 less material! Unlike lead, you’ll also reduce administration costs by eliminating the need to obtain special licensing—it’s not required.

Clients all across the globe are taking advantage of tungsten alloy’s reliable radiation shielding properties. If you need to protect yourself, your patients or your equipment from the harmful effects of excess radiation.

2 . Appliance for tungsten alloy in radiation protection

The usage of tungsten alloy in radiation protection is not subject to NRC, EPA, or special OSHA regulations, so it has been widely used, such as:

    Tungsten alloy radioactive source containers
    gamma radiation shielding made by tungsten alloy
    Shielding block of tungsten alloy
    Source holders for oil well logging and industrial instrumentation
    Tungsten alloy X-ray collimators
    Tungsten alloy PET syringe shield
    Shielding in cancer therapy machines
    Syringe protection for radioactive injections
    Tungsten alloy syringe shielding
    Nuclear shielding wall
    FDG container
    Inspect welds
    Nuclear testing equipment
    Nuclear power plant shielding
    Radiation shielding barrel
    Isotope production, transport, and containment
    Personal protection equipment for emergency responders
    Large container inspection devices
    Oncology Isotopic and accelerator based platforms
    Pipe-line inspection Gamma
    Defense for nuclear submarines

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Tungsten sinkers, tungsten alloy counterweights for golf and tungsten alloy dart parts.

Sinker：Tungsten alloy fishing weights are an ideal, environmentally friendly alternative to lead weights, which are toxic and increasingly being labeled an environmental hazard. Tungsten alloy fishing weights are harder than steel and extremely dense, tungsten alloy fishing being on average 30 percent smaller than its lead counterpart. Tungsten alloy fishing weights are smaller than conventional weights, create twice the sound of lead weights and maintain their shape for longer. Tungsten is also used in the production of other fishing applications, such as tungsten alloy fishing weight line cutters and tungsten powder coating for fishing lines.

Tungsten pin fishing sinker, tungsten pin fishing sinker, tungsten half drop with h, tungsten fishing sinker, tungsten banana with gro, tungsten alloy fishing weight, tungsten jig, tungsten pagoda pin fishi, drop sinker with groove, drop sinker with hole, half drop sinker with gro, tungsten rod with hole, tungsten fish spoon, tungsten fishing sinker, tungsten alloy ball sinke, none-toxic tungsten high-, tungsten alloy ball, tungsten carbide ring, cemented carbide ball .




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Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum, is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC. It occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. Silicon carbide powder has been mass-produced since 1893 for use as an abrasive. Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded together by sintering to form very hard ceramics that are widely used in applications requiring high endurance, such as car brakes, car clutches and ceramic plates in bulletproof vests. Electronic applications of silicon carbide as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and detectors in early radios were first demonstrated around 1907, and today SiC is widely used in high-temperature/high-voltage semiconductor electronics. Large single crystals of silicon carbide can be grown by the Lely method; they can be cut into gems known as synthetic moissanite. Silicon carbide with high surface area can be produced from SiO2 contained in plant material.

1 . Abrasive and cutting tools

In the arts, silicon carbide is a popular abrasive in modern lapidary due to the durability and low cost of the material. In manufacturing, it is used for its hardness in abrasive machining processes such as grinding, honing, water-jet cutting and sandblasting. Particles of silicon carbide are laminated to paper to create sandpapers and the grip tape on skateboards.

In 1982 an exceptionally strong composite of aluminium oxide and silicon carbide whiskers was discovered. Development of this laboratory-produced composite to a commercial product took only three years. In 1985, the first commercial cutting tools made from this alumina and silicon carbide whisker-reinforced composite were introduced by the Advanced Composite Materials Corporation (ACMC) and Greenleaf Corporation.

2 . Structural material

In the 1980s and 1990s, silicon carbide was studied in several research programs for high-temperature gas turbines in Europe, Japan and the United States. The components were intended to replace nickel superalloy turbine blades or nozzle vanes. However, none of these projects resulted in a production quantity, mainly because of its low impact resistance and its low fracture toughness.

Like other hard ceramics (namely alumina and boron carbide), silicon carbide is used in composite armor (e.g. Chobham armor), and in ceramic plates in bulletproof vests. Dragon Skin, which is produced by Pinnacle Armor, uses disks of silicon carbide.

Silicon carbide is used as a support and shelving material in high temperature kilns such as for firing ceramics, glass fusing, or glass casting. SiC kiln shelves are considerably lighter and more durable than traditional alumina shelves.

3 . Automobile parts

Silicon-infiltrated carbon-carbon composite is used for high performance "ceramic" brake discs, as it is able to withstand extreme temperatures. The silicon reacts with the graphite in the carbon-carbon composite to become carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC). These discs are used on some road-going sports cars, supercars, as well as other performance cars including the Porsche Carrera GT, the Bugatti Veyron, the Chevrolet Corvette ZR1, Bentleys, Ferraris, Lamborghinis, some specific high performance Audis, and the McLaren P1.[37] Silicon carbide is also used in a sintered form for diesel particulate filters. SiC is also used as an oil additive to reduce friction, emissions, and harmonics.

4 . Electric systems

The earliest electrical application of SiC was in lightning arresters in electric power systems. These devices must exhibit high resistance until the voltage across them reaches a certain threshold VT, at which point their resistance must drop to a lower level and maintain this level until the applied voltage drops below VT.

It was recognized early on that SiC had such a voltage-dependent resistance, and so columns of SiC pellets were connected between high-voltage power lines and the earth. When a lightning strike to the line raises the line voltage sufficiently, the SiC column will conduct, allowing strike current to pass harmlessly to the earth instead of along the power line. Such SiC columns proved to conduct significantly at normal power-line operating voltages and thus had to be placed in series with a spark gap. This spark gap is ionized and rendered conductive when lightning raises the voltage of the power line conductor, thus effectively connecting the SiC column between the power conductor and the earth. Spark gaps used in lightning arresters are unreliable, either failing to strike an arc when needed or failing to turn off afterwards, in the latter case due to material failure or contamination by dust or salt. Usage of SiC columns was originally intended to eliminate the need for the spark gap in a lightning arrester. Gapped SiC lightning arresters were used as lightning-protection tool and sold under GE and Westinghouse brand names, among others. The gapped SiC arrester has been largely displaced by no-gap varistors that use columns of zinc oxide pellets.

5 . Power electronic devices

Silicon carbide is a semiconductor in research and early mass-production providing advantages for fast, high-temperature and/or high-voltage devices. First devices available were Schottky diodes, followed by Junction-gate FETs and MOSFETs for high-power switching. Bipolar transistors and thyristors are currently developed.[29] A major problem for SiC commercialization has been the elimination of defects: edge dislocations, screw dislocations (both hollow and closed core), triangular defects and basal plane dislocations. As a result, devices made of SiC crystals initially displayed poor reverse blocking performance though researchers have been tentatively finding solutions to improving the breakdown performance. Apart from crystal quality, problems with the interface of SiC with silicon dioxide have hampered the development of SiC-based power MOSFETs and insulated-gate bipolar transistors. Although the mechanism is still unclear, nitridation has dramatically reduced the defects causing the interface problems. In 2008, the first commercial JFETs rated at 1200 V were introduced to the market, followed in 2011 by the first commercial MOSFETs rated at 1200 V.[citation needed] Beside SiC switches and SiC Schottky diodes (also Schottky barrier diode – SBD) in the popular TO-247 and TO220 packages, companies started even earlier to implement the bare chips into their power electronic modules. SiC SBD diodes found wide market spread being used in PFC circuits and IGBT power modules. Conferences such as the International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems (CIPS) report regularly about the technological progress of SIC power devices. Major challenges for fully unleashing the capabilities of SiC power devices are:

gate drive: SiC devices often require gate drive voltage levels that are different from their silicon counterparts and may be even unsymmetic, e.g. +20V and -5V.

 packaging: SiC chips (Die (integrated circuit)) may have a higher power density that silicon power devices and are able to handle higher temperatures exceeding the silicon limit of 150°C. New die attach technologies as sintering are required to efficiently get the heat out of the devices and ensure a reliable interconnection.
 

6 . LEDs

The first LED action was demonstrated in 1907 using SiC and the first commercial LEDs were again based on SiC. Yellow LEDs made from 3C-SiC were manufactured in the Soviet Union in the 1970s,and blue ones (6H-SiC) worldwide in the 1980s.[46] The production was soon stopped because gallium nitride showed 10–100 times brighter emission. This difference in efficiency is due to the unfavorable indirect bandgap of SiC, whereas GaN has a direct bandgap which favors light emission. However, SiC is still one of the important LED components – it is a popular substrate for growing GaN devices, and it also serves as a heat spreader in high-power LEDs.

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Gamma radiation is an electromagnetic wave, it's even shorter than the wavelength of X-rays, high energy, with a strong penetrating ability. It will destroy the cellular and molecular structure of organisms, cause harm to humans.

1: Tungsten nickel alloy to gamma-ray absorption coefficient of 137 Cs0.661MeV is 0.0987cm^-1,and semi-absorption thickness is 0.376cm.

2: Tungsten nickel alloy to gamma ray absorption coefficient of 60Co 1.33MeV  is 0.0470cm^-1. Semi-absorption thickness is 0.827659574cm.

3: Tungsten nickel alloy to absorption coefficient of 226Ra  is 0.1843cm^-1. Semi-absorption thickness is 3.203472599cm.


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Tungsten alloy shield is used to shield the radioactive material, thus making a shielding device to avoid radiation damage. The main advantage of using a tungsten alloy shield  compared with being made ​​of lead :

1: The greater tdensity,and the better radiation ability. 11.34 density is the density of lead, tungsten alloy density is 16.5 to 19.0.

2: Non-toxic and more environmentally friendly. Lead itself and its compounds are toxic to human tissues, is likely to cause heavy metal pollution in the course of heavy metal poisoning, will produce secondary bremsstrahlung. The tungsten alloy tungsten itself is not toxic and will not output radioactive substances, environmentally harmless.

3:Rich reserves of tungsten, tungsten alloy and relatively easy processing.

4: Thickness small. The same shielding effect, the thickness of the tungsten heavy alloy is only two-thirds of the lead.


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