Here are the basic specifucation of tungsten ores:

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Tungsten does not occur by itself in nature. It is only present in different chemical compounds. For industrial purposes, the two most important minerals are tungsten-bearing wolframite ((Fe, Mn) WO4) - or, as some would call ferberite-Huberite and scheelite (CaWO4). These are the two minerals that are often exploited to produce tungsten.

China now dominates the primary production of tungsten in the world. The U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] Estimates of global mine production in 2007 that China produces some 77,000 tons of metal, 86% of world production.

Note: Andrew mine, northeast of Los Angeles, operated by Curtis tungsten, tungsten began shipping concentrates in October 2007, but the figures for these shipments are not disclosed.

In addition, the USGS has calculated that China is a reserve base for about 67% of the reserve base of the world total.



 

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China has tradtionally been the world's leading tungsten producer, accounting for 85% of the world's production, estimated at 35 000 t of tungsten concentrate. China's tungsten production does not seem to be affected by the slump in global pruices as production remains at about 70% capacity. This compares to 10% production capacity exhibited by western producers. China's wolframite reserves are being rapidly depleted with an estimated 12 years reserves or 600 000 t remaining. Although China has substantial scheelite resources, they are of a much lower grade and quality.

The government exerts much control over the production of tugsten and in January 2004 the Ministry of Land and Resources ste the total allowable production quota of tungsten concentrate for the year at 43,660 t but the output in 2003 was more at 67,326 t, a 3.4% increase from 2002. Rapid development of the automotive machinery manufacturing, construction metals and communications industries increased domestic demand for tungsten, with 2003 consumption totalling an estimated 80,000 t. Exports of tungsten ore increased by 29% in 2003 to 32,987 t (US$220 million) and imports imports by 40% (US$33.7 million).

Jiangxi Tungsten Group Ltd which was formed in December 2003 has become the largest tungsten group in China. It is a joint venture between Jiangxi Rare Earth Metals Tugsten Group (The largest precious and rare metals group in China) and China Five Minerals Non-Ferrous Metals Ltd (the largest sales company in China).

 

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There are a few minerals that will fluoresce when pure. These are called "self-activated" minerals, and include scheelite, powellite, and several uranium minerals. Others suspected of being self-activated include benitoite, cerussite, anglesite and perhaps many other lead minerals. Scheelite, a major ore of tungsten, is often found by its brilliant sky-blue fluorescence. If it has a little molybdenum in it (which makes it troublesome to extract the tungsten), this color is modified to white or yellow, providing a quick way to assess the commercial value of a find.

Several secondary uranium minerals, such as autunite, are also characteristically fluorescent a bright yellowish green. This is due to the presence of uranyl ion; this ion is so prone to fluorescence that trace amounts of it cause yellowish-green fluorescence in a very large number of minerals, including adamite, apophyllite, aragonite, calcite, quartz, and opal. Any yellowish-green fluorescence other than willemite is likely to be due to the uranyl ion.

 

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Well over 3600 mineral species have been identified at this time; over 500 of them are known to fluoresce visibly in some specimens.

Most minerals do not fluoresce when pure. It takes certain impurities in certain quantities to make the mineral fluoresce. Such impurities are called "activators". Different activators can make the same mineral fluoresce in different colors. Different minerals require different activators, and in different quantities. There are also impurities, notably ferrous iron, that can prevent fluorescence despite the presence of an activator. Because the activators and deactivators may or may not be present in any given specimen, different specimens of the some mineral (especially from different locales) may vary in color and degree of fluorescence. A common fluorescent mineral is calcite. It comes in just about all the observed fluorescent colors due to different activators. Red and pink fluorescent calcites are often activated by a combination of lead and manganese.




 

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Powellite, CaMoO4, is isostructural with scheelite which is why it forms similar crystals. The two minerals form a series in which the tungsten of scheelite is substituted for by the molybdenum of powellite. Powellite fluoresces a yellow color while scheelite fluoresces a bright blue under short wave ultraviolet light. Of course since molybdenum can substitute for tungsten, some scheelite specimens will show a yellow fluorescence.

The crystals of scheelite can look like fluorite octahedrons which can also fluoresce. However, fluorite has perfect octahedral cleavage and a lower luster. Massive scheelite has often been mistaken for massive quartz, but then the fluorescence of scheelite is a dead giveaway.

Many prospectors for scheelite have made good use of scheelite's typically bright blue fluorescence by searching for scheelite deposits by night with ultraviolet lamps. Many old mines have even been reopened after examination of the mine shafts with ultraviolet lamps have proven that the ore is not quite yet exhausted.

 

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Scheelite is an important ore of tungsten which is a strategically important metal. Scheelite is named for the discoverer of tungsten, K. W. Scheele. Although most of the world wide production of tungsten comes from the mineral wolframite, scheelite is especially abundant in the US and provides the United States with most of its supply.

Scheelite is a popular mineral for collectors. It forms perfect tetragonal dipyramidal crystals that look very much like octahedrons. These pseudo-octahedral crystals are sometimes truncated with minor pyramids, but only on the top and/or bottom points of the crystal; giving evidence of their true symmetry. Other minerals that form pseudo-octahedral crystals similar to scheelite include wardite, anatase and powellite.



 

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Uses:

Tungsten contained in the tungsten ore used in many areas.

Tungsten is mixed with carbon to make a very strong, very resistant material called tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide is used to make cutting tools and wear-resistant tools for metalworking, drilling for oil and gas, mining, and construction. These applications account for more than 60% of the tungsten consumed in the US each year.

Because it has such a very high melting point and low vapor pressure, tungsten is used in high temperature situations. For instance, the filaments in light bulbs are made of tungsten. It is used in other applications in electronics as well.

When added to steel, tungsten increases its strength. It is alloyed (mixed with) other metals to make "superalloys" which have special physical properties of high strength and heat resistance. Some of the applications for such superalloys are in turbine engines for jet aircraft and energy generation.

Other alloys bearing tungsten are used for armaments, heat sinks, radiation shielding, weights and counterweights, wear-resistant parts and coatings.

 

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The tungsten needle with the tip that sharpened is mainly used for the instrument probe using. Such as, digital four probe tester, the device is multi-purpose measuring equipment using four point probe measurement principle.

The sharpened tungsten needle is a non radioactive material, whose electron emission ability is higher than thorium tungsten material, and its arcing voltage is low, arcing is stable. The positive polarity, the allowable current density is higher than thorium tungsten of 5%-8%; AC allowable current density is high, and its service life is long, which is suitable for DC or AC electric welding, what’s more, if the using time is the same with thorium tungsten, its service life is longer. Usually, it is used for the welding of carbon steel, stainless steel, titanium and other metals.



 

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The processing of tungsten electrode is adopting the method of powder metallurgy, in which the cerium tungsten electrode processing is similar to cerium tungsten electrode. Following is three procedures to make tungsten cerium electrodes.

First of all, mix cerium nitrate aqueous solution with a solid of APT or WO3 well-distributed by the methods of spaying and coating. Then heat it to the state of tungsten cerium coated powder.

Secondly, reduce tungsten cerium coated powder in twice to tungsten cerium powder. After reduction, make tungsten cerium powder into tungsten cerium billet by pressing and sintering.

Finally, press and forge tungsten cerium billets into tungsten cerium electrodes.

Tungsten is an important material for many products and is also one of the essential industrial process welding equipment.
There are many different kinds of tungsten electrode, but, thorium tungsten electrode and cerium tungsten electrode are the ones which are the most used on the domestic market. Why the phenomenon occurs is that people are insufficient in the understanding of thorium reflective damage, guidance in this point should be strengthened in the sales process.

Tungsten electrode, as one of the industrial welding equipment, which is actually acting as both welding materials and electrician electrical, this kind of welding materials without burning has a loss in welding.



 

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