Secondly, compared with the acceleration of water flow, the acceleration of abrasive particles is delayed during the movements in nozzle, which depends on the shape of nozzle, the size and density of grinding compound, etc. Due to the turbulence inside nozzle, the grains of grind compound has higher horizontal speed and collides with inner wall of nozzle, which leads to erosion and abrasion.

Therefore, a reasonable shape of inner wall of nozzle plays a significant role in reducing abrasion. There are two normal methods for reducing abrasion. One is to get a small aspect ratio in order to ensure that the entrance before the most badly wore area. And the other is contrary, which is to get a large aspect ratio to ensure that the entrance after the most badly wore area.














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Porphyry tungsten ore deposit occurrence in China

Lianhuashan mine in South China represents a new type of tungsten ore which can be described as a porphyry tungsten deposit. It is associated with a quartz porphyry stock of Yenshanian age (about 70–135 m. y.). The ore occurs in zone surrounding the contact of the quartz porphyry with Jurassic sandstone and extends into both rock bodies. The ore occurs either as the matrix of breccia or in the form of a very fine network of cross cutting veinlets. The major tungsten minerals are wolframite and scheelite associated with sulfide minerals of Mo, Fe, Cu, Pb and cassiterite. The minerals are fine-grained. There is zoned alteration in the wall rocks. From the center of the quartz porphyry toward the wall rocks one finds: potassic alteration, silicification-sericitization, and chloritization. All these features are similar to those of porphyry copper mineralization.

Fluid inclusion studies show three types of inclusion: liquid-rich (Type I), gas-rich (Type II), and polyphase with daughter minerals (Type III) fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of Type I range from 210° to 380°C, with a salinity of 2–15 wt.% NaCl equiv., those of Type II from 270° to 420°C, and those of Type III from 240° to 400°C with a salinity of 31–33 wt.% NaCl equiv. The closely associated group of gas-rich and daughter mineral-bearing fluid inclusions homogenized at almost the same temperatures. Such results indicate boiling of oreforming fluids. These fluid inclusion data indicate that low salinity (Type I) and high salinity fluids (Type III) responsible for porpb yry copper deposits are the same as those for porphyry tungsten ore deposits.

These observations suggest that the Lianhuashan tungsten ore deposit is a porphyry tungsten deposit and was formed by hydrothermal fluids similar to those responsible for the well-known porphyry copper deposits.

Wolframite, including the tungstate of iron (ferberite) and the tungstate of manganese (hubnerite), has a field of occurrence similar to that of cassiterite. It appears in igneous rocks, in pegmatites, in cassiterite veins, and sometimes with quartz and bismuth minerals in veins which are evidently of the deep-seated type and allied to the tin veins. But, unlike cassiterite, wolframite also appears abundantly in veins formed under much more moderate temperature and pressure for instance, in those of Boulder County, Colorado. Small quantities of hubnerite are found in veins formed near the surface, as in those of Tonopah, Nevada, and Cripple Creek, Colorado. The principal production in the United States is derived from Boulder County, Colorado where the principal tungsten ore is ferberite, which occurs in small veins in granite. Hubnerite and wolframite have formed placers that are worked in the Little Dragoon Mountains, Arizona.

Wolframite veins of the deep-seated type have been described from the Deer Park district, in Washington and from sources in the Sierra de Cordova in Argentina. Wolframite lodes of great importance have lately been developed in the Tavoy district, These minerals are found in lower Myanmar, where they occur in granite and metamorphic schist and contain in addition quartz, mica, tourmaline, columbite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, bismuthinite and galena. At the same place wolframite is also recovered from alluvial deposits. In 1916 the mines of lower Myanmar produced about 3,000 tons of wolframite concentrates, which was about one-third of the annual output of the world. The crude ore is said to average 1.3 per cent. WO₃ per ton.



 

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The most common tungsten minerals are Wolfram, Hubnerite, Ferberite and Scheelite. They are all associated with the acid intrusive rocks, such as granites and pegmatites, rather than the ultra-basic rocks, like peridotite. Wolframite and hubnerite are by far the more important ore minerals of tungsten, scheelite being much less important. However, in the western US, sheelite has been the most common tungsten ore mineral. Wolframite and hubnerite constitute an isomorphous series. At one end of the series there is iron tungstate (FeW0₄) to which the name ferberite has been given; at the other end is hubnerite (MnW0₄). These two occur mixed in all proportions. Some writers use the names ferberite and hubnerite for the extreme types and wolframite for the intermediate types. Others recognize only two species in this series, one in which the iron tungstate predominates over the manganese tungstate (wolframite including ferberite) while in the other species (hubnerite) manganese tungstate is predominant. As in other isomorphous series of this kind, there is a gradation in physical properties, and in this particular case the color deepens and the mineral becomes more opaque as the percentage of iron increases. Tungsten minerals occur as lens shaped masses in the early segregation of an acid magma; in veins cutting acid intrusive rocks; in limestone, by metasomatic replacement; and as skarn deposits formed in contact metamorphic environments between limestone and acidic intrusive rocks.

Tungsten ore concentrates (chiefly wolframite) appear on the market in the form of concentrates, varying between 60 percent and 70 percent tungsten acid (WO₃), and are purchased on the basis of their tungsten acid content. Seventy percent material is exceptionally good quality, and grades lower than 60 per cent, are saleable, but are subject to penalization. China is by far the world leader in tungsten production, having produced 56,000 tons of tungsten concentrate in 2009, which was 83% of the world output. Most of the remaining production originated from Russia (2,500 t), Canada (1,964 t), Bolivia (1,023 t), Austria (900 t), Portugal (900 t), Thailand (600 t), Brazil (500 t), Peru (500 t) and Rwanda (500 t).

 

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Tungsten contained in the tungsten ore used in many areas.

Tungsten is mainly used in the production of hard materials based on tungsten carbide, one of the hardest carbides, with a melting point of 2870 ℃. Tungsten carbide is an efficient electrical conductor, but W₂C is less so. Tungsten carbide is used to make wear-resistant abrasives and cutters and knives for drills, circular saws, milling and turning tools used by the metalworking, woodworking, mining, petroleum and construction industries and accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption, and there does not appear to be any slackening in the demand. A secondary use to which tungsten is put is as a steel hardening agent. The hardness and density of tungsten are applied in obtaining heavy metal alloys. A good example is high speed steel, which can contain as much as 18% tungsten. Tungsten steels hold their temper at high temperatures and are therefore valuable for the making of high speed tools, etc. Tungsten is planned for steel alloys is usually produced in the form of ferro-tungsten alloys produced in the electric furnace. The alloys are also used for tool steels. Other uses are for the manufacture of electric light bulb filaments. Tungsten salts are used as mordants and for fire-proofing purposes. Two oxides of tungsten are known WO₂ and WO₃. WO₃ is known by the name of tungstic acid, and from it are formed various salts called tungstates, several of which occur as minerals. Tungstic acid, WO₃, occurs as the mineral tungstic ochre, found as an alteration product of the mineral tungstates.



 

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Tungsten is a rare acid-forming heavy metal found chiefly in the tungstates of iron and calcium, wolframite and scheelite.  Tungsten is not found native, but is produced in the form of a greyish-black powder, which when fused has a specific gravity of 19.25, virtually the same as gold at 19.3. I recent years some cases of gold plated tungsten bars masquerading as gold have surfaced. The name tungsten was first used by Cronstedt, and signifies "heavy stone." The chief ore is wolfram, which is usually associated with cassiterite, and for a long time the effective separation of these minerals was a matter of some difficulty. Tungsten minerals were once recovered from tungsten ores by mechanical concentration using their density. A better process was developed, using both by electromagnetic separation, followed by roasting the crushed ore with sodium carbonate, by which operation sodium tungstate is formed, and the tin ores can be removed. In the case of several tin mining companies the presence of wolfram enables profits to be made, which but for the "mixed minerals" would be impossible.




 

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Checkout tungsten dart rule is a short very simple game that may be played by any number of players or teams.

The Object: Is to exactly hit 5 target sums in as few tungsten darts as possible.

The Scoring: 5 random numbers are chosen between 1 and 180 and written down the center of the board. These are the "target sums" that must be hit to score.

The target sums may be chosen in many different manners and may be adjusted for player’s ability. For example, keeping the sums under 60 would mean that a round may be completed by hitting only singles, no doubles or triples are needed. By keeping the sums under 100 would mean that no triples need be hit, only doubles and singles. The standard way is to choose one sum that may be hit by one tungsten dart, two that require two tungsten darts and three that require three tungsten darts.

The player’s names are written across the top of the score board in order. Playing order is determined by a throw at bulls-eye, closest tungsten dart plays first.

5 columns are drawn below each player’s names to indicate the 5 attempts each player has to hit target sum.

The Play: Players take alternating turns, in order, to try and score exactly the target sum in as few tungsten darts as possible. You do not have to throw all three tungsten darts. If you get exactly the target sum with one or two tungsten darts, stop throwing.

The thin outer "doubles" ring counts as two times the number hit and the thin inner "triples" ring counts as three times the number hit.

The number of tungsten darts used to score the target sum is scored next to the target number. If you do not score exactly the target sum with three tungsten darts, you score a three for that round and play continues on to the next player. You have five rounds to hit the target sum, once all five rounds are used or you hit the target sum, you then move on to the next target sum.

Once all five target sums have been completed (either by scoring them or using up all five attempts) the game is over. The total number of tungsten darts used is added up for each player (or team) and whoever has the lower score wins the game (less tungsten darts were used to complete game). In the example game above, Fred won.

Strategy: Try to factor in numbers that can easily hit into how you arrive at the target sum.

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The tungsten dart game of 301 is a game of skill. You have to aim well and hit your targets quickly. It also helps to know all of the tungsten dart sequences for your out numbers like the back of your hand. Here are some tips that can help you improve your chances of winning.

Don't over-think it. The tungsten dart game of 301 can be highly stressful, if you let it get to you. Remember to be as calm as possible when you approach the line. Think about the last time you hit that double. Was it a game winner? How did it feel when you threw it? Use positive association to get yourself back to that place. Don’t over-think what you have to do, just concentrate on your double and let your winning tungsten darts fly.

Know your outs as you throw. This game can be over very quick. Great players will shoot for an out after throwing just three tungsten darts. It’s important to know how quickly you can get out. Memorize the out number sequences for 170 and under. Try not to “work it down”. This is just code for “I suck at math”. By subtracting on the fly and recalculating your out options you’ll throw with confidence.

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The tungsten dart game of 301 is a game of skill. You have to aim well and hit your targets quickly. It also helps to know all of the tungsten dart sequences for your out numbers like the back of your hand. Here are some tips that can help you improve your chances of winning.

Start fast. The way in and the way out of a 301 tungsten dart game both lead to the same place on the board – the double line. The first important tip in winning at 301 is getting in (also called doubling in) faster than your opponent. Find a number you like and have had success hitting in the past. Don’t worry about how many points you’ll get for that number. A double one is always better than three near misses at the double twenty! When you get in quickly you put the pressure on your opponent to follow your lead.

Minimize your chances of busting. Make sure to shoot for numbers that have the lowest probability of making you bust. For example, if you have 48 left, you should consider throwing at a single 8 to leave a 40. Many people would shoot for a single 16 and a double 16 to get out on 48. However, if you happen to hit a triple 16 you bust that round. By shooting for the single 8 and accidentally hitting a triple 8 will leave you still alive with a double 12 out.

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