Hydrogen Doped WO3 Plasmon Nanostructure

hydrogen tungsten bronze HxWO3 pictureSince the importance of plasmon nanostructure in areas of nano photonics, biochemical sensing and medical diagnostics ect., manufacturing technology of plasma nanostructure has recently caused a lot focus for people researching. By controlling the size, shape and composition of plasma nanostructures, one can adjust its optical and electrical properties over a wide range. With the advent of nanoscience and nanotechnology, plasmon nanostructure has developed rapidly, the coherent oscillations of free electron has on the incident light will cause localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the structure; besides, this phenomenon is associated with optical near field zoom, and has been used in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), biological testing and energy storage and conversion and other aspects.
 
Recently, Chinese and Japanese researchers have prepared hydrogen doped tungsten trioxide (WO3) and MoO3 which are named hydrogen molybdenum bronze and hydrogen tungsten bronze through a simple process of H-overflow method, the two substances showed strong localized surface plasmon resonance in the visible region. In addition, the researchers found that the adjustable plasmon resonance could be observed in a wide range by varying the stoichiometric composition; furthermore, this phenomenon is directly related with decreasing temperature, type of metal, the property of metal oxide which supports hydrogen reduction reaction and size as well as the oxidation treatment in the synthesis process. This result has provided direct evidence for in a hydrogen-doped metal oxides (such as WO3, etc.) to achieve a semiconductor plasmon resonance, and may allow the large-scale application of cheap and abundant element on Earth.
 
Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a transition metal semiconductor with special N-type structure, the yellow or bright green crystalline powder, which is stable at room temperature, and extensively for preparation of tungsten metal and tungsten carbide powder; because of its special properties, it is widely used in the industry catalyst, photocatalyst, sensor, fireproof fabric, anti-radiation and other aspects.

 

WO3 Contained Ultra-Low Overpotential Oxygen Evolution Catalyst

oxygen evolution Fe-Co-W catalystHydrogen is an excellent energy carrier, and the way of solar-powered electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen is an effective method for energy storage. In the traditional SPEWE, since the high oxygen evolution potential, oxygen will cause serious dissolution to the carrier of carbon; in the oxygen evolution reaction process, dissolution and passivation of anode will occur and to shorten its live when electrode with high oxygen evolution overpotential working under the high potential. The presence of multiple high-energy intermediate state makes the oxygen evolution reaction one of the most difficult steps in the electrolyzed water. Thus, the preparation of ultra-low overpotential oxygen evolution catalyst will help to achieve efficient electrolysis of water.
 
Tungsten trioxide (WO3) as the photolysis of water oxygen evolution catalyst is compelling and some researching success have been made, such as WO3 photolysis aquatic oxygen evolution, and the optimum oxygen production under visible light is about 79.9μmol / (L.h); by controlling chemical potential can significantly improve the stability of WO3’s photocatalytic activity, ect..
 
Not long ago, an international research team of Canada, China and the United States developed a colloidal Fe-Co-W oxyhydroxides multi-metal oxygen evolution catalyst with the lowest oxygen evolution overpotential so far. That oxygen evolution catalyst regulates the electronic structure of iron, cobalt by adding tungsten, and they prepared the catalyst innovatively under room temperature by sol-gel method, since the lower sol each metal atom can achieve a homogeneous mix of different metal oxides to avoid lattice mismatched phase separation. Fe, Co, and WO3 homogeneously disperse in this gel catalyst from the atomic scale to have excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the subsequent heat treatment of catalyst has found that, after 500 ℃ annealing heat treatment, the oxygen evolution potential of colloidal Fe-Co-W oxyhydroxides multi-metal oxygen evolution catalyst will rise and cause its catalytic lower. This research result has found a new direction for further optimization of the oxygen evolution catalyst, and expected to be widely used in energy conversion and storage.

 

Mesoporous WO3 Nanofibers Disease Diagnosis

WO3 nanofibers microscopic analysisRecently, scientists have prepared mesoporous WO3 nanofibers, and discovered its new feature that this material has proved to have very large applications in reliability disease diagnosis. It is reported that the team took human exhaled gas as an object, and use of protein nano-cage module sensitization of electrospinning nanofibers (NFs) for detecting its tracking biological target sensitivity and selectively. In addition, the researchers prepared mesoporous WO3 nanofibers with Pt, Pd and Rh uniformly distributed; after the precious metal catalysis, tungsten trioxide gas sensors still has outstanding sensitivity even in conditions of wet environment, gas concentration level of one-billionth. The most exciting news is that this modified mesoporous WO3 nanofibers was confirmed to have a bright future in terms of reliability of disease diagnosis.
 
The reliability of disease diagnosis is an important prerequisite for the success of health care, and relates to the latter using medical and reasonable choice of treatment. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a N-type transition metal oxide semiconductor material, which has excellent gas sensitivity, electrochromic, photochromic, electrochromic, gasochromic and catalytic properties, and therefore has great potential application value in fields of flat panel display, smart windows, optical devices of write - read - rub, gas sensors and catalyst. Further, the nanostructure tungsten trioxide with the specific composition and morphology has special properties, which help it applies in many meaningful practical operations.
 
In the operation process, the conventional semiconductor sensor nanoparticles requires heating to activate its properties, however, in the long-term heating condition, nanoparticles prone to reunite each other and result in the reducing of sensitive material’s specific surface area which is not conducive to the absorption of the tested gas. Study has found that the mesoporous nanofibers due to its unique geometry and high surface area to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional nanoparticle material, and to have excellent properties to effectively improve the response and recovery property of the sensitive material.

 

Ammonium Metatungstate Price Affecting Factors

Under the conditions of depressed manufacturing industry, tungsten market also enters normalization ordinary. Tungsten raw material capacity stays in the constant high level. With the application of tungsten waste, end market lowers its dependency on tungsten raw material. Cost of heavy mining is increasing, it results in the irreconcilable conflicts of tungsten market.

Ammonium metatungstate price affecting factors is mainly related to raw material price, below are the analysis of those factors:

1.Tungsten raw material producing capacity is relatively at high level, supply of tungsten concentrate and APT overdue actually demanding which results in the unbalance of supply-demand relationship, it affects tungsten raw material price directly.

2.Tungsten mine cost directly affects price, heavy mining based on state-owned enterprise has high cost; medium and small mine is of lower cost. So tungsten concentrate of low price is sometimes active in the market.

3.Enterprise property of tungsten mine has effects on price as well. More than 50% tungsten concentrate originated from state enterprise tungsten mine. State-owned enterprise actively supports market place. When the price is too low, they will refuse to sell the product to protect rare metal source.

4.Capacity of tungsten concentrate is relatively centralized, more than 55% is from eight major tungsten enterprises. Since last year, three conference of the enterprises also save the market in a certain degree.

5.Through out a year, tungsten market will go through the spring supply and summer break. After spring festival, there is once confused of market, most tungsten raw material companies are reluctant to sell and hold on to see the trend of market. It results in the market’s short supply and increases of price. Summer break is often in July and August, most European countries takes summer break and stops production. The demanding is rare during this period.

AMT Picture

6.China Tungsten Industry Association and Ganzhou Tungsten Industry Association has effects on tungsten market as well. When the market is unstable, they will preserve interests of members.

7.Market guidance price of Ganzhou Tungsten Industry Association and China Minmetals Group publicized every month have effect on market price.

8.State Reserve Bureau purchasing and storage of tungsten concentrate directly affects price. Since 2013, purchasing and storage for 5 times of tungsten concentrate, 3 of them have succeeded and affects tungsten raw material price.

9.Fanya Metal Exchange purchased a lot of APT since 2014, over 30000 tons of APT is purchased in 2014. But the price keeps sliding due to the increase of capacity. The stop of purchasing and returned of goods in the market in the beginning of 2015 causes tungsten price slumps in 2015. There is still 29651 tons of APT is stocked in Fanya, the potential effect can not be ignored.

10.Tungsten concentrate trade situation. When price difference is more than profit, capita flows into tungsten concentrate market. The trade operation will also affect market. When price of tungsten concentrate is less than manufacturing cost, traders purchase a lot as inventory then sell it at high price. The sliding of price in June,2016 is the classical operation method of traders.

Besides the above factors, environmental protecting policy, resource tax reform, weather condition in main factory, main stream big enterprises shut down, etc. are all the reasons that will affect price.

 

Tungsten Alloy Would Be for Supersonic Space Shuttle

It said that China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASTC) will begin to develop a high-tech aircraft, which is more efficient than the retired space shuttle. It uses a variety of power to take off from the general airport and fly straight into orbit. This power-combination space shuttle will use the combined cycle engine turbojet or turbofan engines allow the aircraft to take off from runway level. As the speed increased, it has been adjusted as the supersonic combustion ramjet. During the combustion ramjet engine set-up phase, the supersonic space shuttle will enter a hypersonic flight in "near space" office, which located at 20~100 km above sea level. Finally, the supersonic space shuttle will fly to the "near space" by using its rocket engine, then fly into the orbit. This space shuttle will not allow trained personnel easier access to space, as compared with the space launch vehicles, space shuttle accelerate its flatness, which will reduce the astronauts when it is subjected to be taken off to physical strain. This means that a version of the space shuttle can be used in space travel. At such a high temperature environment requires very high temperatures resistant metals like tungsten alloy, tungsten, copper, titanium and other materials, it is apparent the rapid progress of tungsten alloy, tungsten, copper, titanium and other materials technology will enable China to have the ability to support research and development in the field of materials technology such as ultra-high performance supersonic space shuttle.

At present, China has already had a variety of advanced solid and liquid fuels in space rockets. Even China disadvantaged in the history of the turbine engine technology, that won’t be a problem. For CASTC, the biggest challenge may lie in the integration of all relevant components into a propulsion package, so as to build a strong structure to withstand various tests such as re-entry.

tungsten alloy supersonic aerospaceplane

 

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