Tungsten is a metal with the highest melting point of 3440 °C.  Its excellent physical properties, such as good thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient, make it widely used in high-temperature applications, including aerospace, nuclear, and the national defence industry. One of the significant applications of tungsten is plasma-facing material, which faces a harsh environment such as high temperature, high nuclear irradiation.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas is a kind of toxic gas, which is mainly produced by the exhaust gas of burning fossil fuel. Breathing air with a high concentration of NO2 can irritate airways in the human respiratory system. It is reported that the short-term exposure limit of NO2 gas for human body is 1 ppm for 15 min. Thus, gas sensing detection of NO2 gas is very important to protect environment and protect human health. There are drawbacks of low sensing response and low decetion efficiency within common sensors.

The near-infrared radiation (NIR) absorbers are of fundamental significance in several fields of applications in optical sensors, photothermal energy converter, imaging, NIR stealth cloak, and smart windows.

Hydrogen energy is considered as the most promising renewable sources of energy to substitute fossil fuels. It has the advantages of zero-greenhouse emission, abundant resources, and high energy density. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using water splitting has received intense interest as an environmental-friendly technology consisting of HER and water oxidation reaction (WOR). Although the HER is a clean technology, it requires a high electric energy consumption and a high energetic efficiency. Thus, increasing the photocatalytic efficiency of HER is significantly necessary.