Among the transition metal oxides, tungsten trioxide (WO3) has attracted much attention and has been widely studied due to its many interesting structures and defect characteristics. The numerous applications of WO3 optical and electronic devices include electrochromic (EC) smart windows, flat panel displays, tunable EC photonic crystals, and gas sensors. However, its higher band gap energy (2.6-3.6 eV) limits its application. Therefore, the low frequency near infrared light (NIR) cannot be blocked.

Electrochromism (EC) is a phenomenon that induces a reversible optical change (coloration/bleaching) in a material by applying a small electric field. Tungsten oxide (WO3) is the most widely studied electrochromic material due to its outstanding electrochromic (EC) properties. Materials that can continuously and reversibly change color under reversible electrochemical processes are called electrochromic materials, which have been widely used to fabricate light modulation devices. Among these devices, anti-glare car mirrors have been commercialized, and smart windows are currently driving intensive development.

Tungsten pins, also named tungsten needles or tungsten electrodes, are a typical tungsten product with purity of 99.95%. It has a silver-white appearance, a slender structure, a length of 20mm-1000mm, and a diameter of 0.3mm-10mm. Usually, the product is customized. 

A collimator, a device used to transform the diverging light or other radiation from a point light source into a parallel beam. Special measurements in spectroscopy and in geometric and physical optics require this kind of collimation.

Aoyama Aoyama, a visiting professor at the University of Tsukuba, Japan, recently released the results of his research at an international seminar hosted by Fukushima University. Said that the radioactive substance cesium 137 that entered the ocean in the 2011 Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident arrived on the west coast of the United States and traveled northward, passing by the Bering Sea, the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, returns to the northeastern coast of Japan in about 7 to 8 years.

Cesium tungsten bronze is widely used in near-infrared shielding materials due to its excellent absorption performance of infrared and ultraviolet rays, and is used as heat insulation additives for automotive glass, architectural glass, and agricultural greenhouse films.

Tungsten, also known as Wolfram, is a rare metal known for its highest melting point of all elements. In addition to excellent temperature resistance, the material also has strong abrasion resistance and chemical resistance. These good properties make it an ideal material for components that operate at extreme temperatures.

A collimator is a device used to transform the divergent light or other radiation from a point light source into a parallel beam, and also is an absorber device used to limit X-rays, gamma rays, or nuclear particle beams to the size and angular spread required for a specific application. Normally, special measurements in spectroscopy and geometric and physical optics require this kind of light collimation.

Many analytical and medical devices are using thorium tungsten wires as ion source. Why use thorium tungsten materials? What about tungsten or neodymium tungsten materials? 

In recent years, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has attracted people's attention, and it is considered to have potential applications in solar energy conversion. The effectiveness of solar energy conversion mainly depends on the structure of the photoelectrode. In addition, nanostructured photoelectrodes and surface porosity have additional advantages in in improving the efficiency since they exhibit unique properties of light-harvesting, chemical stability, active surface area, and charge separation.