Have you ever had the experience of receiving counterfeit do ? This experience , even though we are not experienced , but also talked about how to listen to the people around them . Or bank cashier at the mall , see the staff with the detectors identify money, seems to be very ordinary things , convenient and safe behind , "technology " is how to expose counterfeit veil ?

Put a blend a blend yuan into the fluorescence detector, UV light irradiation at 365nm fast inventory encounter counterfeit money detector will sound the alarm . The principle is very simple , the RMB is manufactured using special paper , while counterfeit usually treated bleached plain paper, plain paper by bleaching of ultraviolet irradiation, will Blu-ray diffraction of Yingying , the so-called " fluorescent response " , which touches alarm system, screening out the counterfeit. This is the use of " light-induced color reaction ," one of the most typical for anti-counterfeiting applications .

In this process , rare earth then played a key role.

PL spectra of rare earth behavior is often used in anti-counterfeiting technologies , these technologies are some counterfeiters are some superb grasp , forcing anti-counterfeiting technology advances not always kept up to date , ahead of counterfeiters . Therefore, in most cases , using a set of anti-counterfeiting technology, but also reserves , development of a new technology. Beijing Technology and Business University, Faculty of Science Professor Sun Jiayue has been engaged in anti-counterfeiting materials research and development , he has presided over the "ff fd electronic transitions with ultraviolet and infrared photoluminescence emission chromogenic anti-counterfeit marking materials " and other three Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China , around the continuously improve the technical Suimi of anti-counterfeiting materials , exclusivity and anti-attack capability and other aspects of the application of the basic work , described as " magic goes , the road climbs ."

Daily life, we usually put a variety of faint light are called " fluorescent " , few people would go carefully investigate and distinguish a variety of fluorescent light-emitting principle . " Fluorescence is a light emitting cooling phenomenon," Professor Sun Jiayue explains , in essence, is a kind of electronic transition emission phenomena .

Electronic transitions are constituent materials emitting particles ( atoms, ions or molecules ) an electron energy state changes. According to the principle of conservation of energy , the particle outer electrons from low level to a higher energy level transition process will absorb energy ; transition from a high energy level will return to a lower level in the form of fluorescence energy is released , fluorescent colors level corresponds to the energy difference between the two levels .

At room temperature, when a substance by one kind of incident light ( usually ultraviolet or X -ray ) irradiation, it will absorb the light from the ground state into the excited state , when the material from the excited state back to the ground state, will be in the form of fluorescent the excitation energy released. Once stopped the incident light , luminous phenomenon disappeared. This nature of the emitted light is called " fluorescence ." When the object by external light source to obtain energy, resulting in the phenomenon of luminescence excitation leading called " photoluminescence ."

The " Photoluminescence " is used for " banknotes " is a technology innovation. In all phenomena can produce photoluminescent material , the most important one is the rare earth elements. Rare earth ions have unfilled 4f electron configuration , has a rich spectrum of energy levels and long term life excited state , which can produce a wide variety of radiation absorption and emission . Constituted by the rare earth compounds of rare earth ions in the excited state, can be emitted from the infrared light , visible to the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths , the light rare earths into a huge treasure.

"We are the choice of a particular rare earth ions as activator , R & D for ultraviolet or infrared light source rare start photoluminescence and the chromogenic material , thereby seeking to stable performance , high brightness materials , and synthetic printing inks, to determine the best ratio, ultimately making counterfeit labels applied to actual production . " Sunjia Yue said.

From the use of , the photoluminescent material is not limited to anti-counterfeit labels can also be used to produce electroluminescent materials, LED fluorescent powder , super long afterglow ( night out ) materials, auxiliary materials, solar cells , infrared up-conversion materials, electron capture materials, etc. , can be described as widely used. China rare earth industry in the world's resources reserves and production in the first place , however, the Chinese are about 2 /3 of the rare earth export outflows , and the prices of rare earth products has long been controlled by foreign businessmen .

" Rare is very important to our country 's mineral resources, mainly as a raw material exports of rare earth in the past , especially as the lack of features , and low-tech products of blind production , resulting in China's rare earth product characteristics of small differences , which are on the China's rare earth resources, resulting in a great waste and only focus on the development and high-tech rare earth functional materials, will put China's rare earth resources into production advantages, the technological advantages into economic advantages , rich riding . " Sunjia Yue said.


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August 29 hearing, the Baotou Rare Earth Rare Earth Strategic Reserve first half of 2013 decreased 31.69%, while the general manager Zhang Baotou Rare Earth revealed in an internal meeting and will continue to do lanthanum, cerium and other elements of surplus reserves.

Baotou Steel Rare Earth 2013 semi-annual report, the strategic reserve (rare earth compounds) Ending balance Beginning balance decreased over 465 million yuan, a decrease of 31.69%, due to the decrease of rare earth strategic reserves.

Zhang held in August 23 report the situation and tasks within the company said at the meeting that the company tailings end of this year to achieve zero emissions, oxidized ore up to the mountain and the "three concentration" Speeding up the transformation project to completely solve environmental problems; do lanthanum, cerium and other elements of surplus reserves; steadily promote regional integration upstream earth; focusing on the development of rare earth functional materials.

Zhang on August 9, 2012, at the "Fourth China Baotou Rare Earth Industry (International) Forum", said rare earth reserves will increase their short-term costs, but rare earth prices have offset these costs and derive benefits .

Since November 2012, Minmetals Group, Baotou Steel Rare Earth, the color of shares have been listed on purchasing and storage of rare earths. Since July 2013, the purchasing and storage of rare earth on State rumors malpractice.


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China Rare Earth offer for the Japanese began to rise. In early August quote dysprosium and neodymium mid-June than recent price about 40% higher. Chinese Government to strengthen the ban illegal mining products, estimated future needs will be further strained.

Neodymium towards Japan Quote As early as 8 around $ 95 per kilogram, up 36 percent compared to June, and some even offer about $ 100 per kilogram. Dysprosium is around $ 700 per kg, 40% higher than in June. Praseodymium neodymium praseodymium mixtures and the prices are rising.

China factory inspection by going to strengthen the illegal exploitation of goods banned, some analysts believe that future supply will be reduced. Chinese magnet manufacturers stepped up purchases, leading Chinese domestic prices, but also reflected on the daily quotations. According to information provided by other Japanese trading companies, the Chinese government's policy is to ban activities will continue until mid-November. But Japan's magnet alloy manufacturers currently adequate inventory, the trend has not yet appeared eager to purchase.

Made in China, the price of rare earth exports to Japan in July 2011 reached a peak of neodymium prices rose to around $ 460 per kg, followed by declining to June this year, less than one-fifth of the time.


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RE market experienced a rapid rebound in July to early August, the price of rare earth products have returned to a higher position, dysprosium offer has reached 2500 yuan to 2600 yuan / kg, compared with the beginning of July when the 1450 yuan ~ 1500 yuan / kg price, the price rose to 73%, is the rare earth products, the largest rate of increase product. Praseodymium, neodymium oxide, terbium, europium oxide and other product prices were also achieved the largest increase of 29.6%, 36.6% and 12.8%. However, in early August, the price of dysprosium has appeared more substantial decline, from the highest bit of 2500 yuan to 2600 yuan / kg fell to 2100 yuan to 2200 yuan / kg, the largest decline reached 16%, subject to its influence the price of neodymium oxide, praseodymium appeared loose and started a callback, but the callback rate of neodymium praseodymium oxide is not large, the decline in the 5000 yuan per ton to 10,000 yuan. At this point the market turnover decreased, watching each other.


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Japan from the United Nations International Seabed Authority to obtain a high seas in the Pacific seabed mining of rare earth exploration rights agency , in the next 15 years, located in Tokyo about 2000 kilometers southeast of Bird Island near the south , an area of ​​3000 square kilometers of seabed area for exploration and exploitation .

Exploration Team Leader , Tokyo University professor Yasuhiro Kato (YasuhiroKato) pointed out that , according to the preliminary findings , the mine 's metal reserves is even higher than expected . However, when there is no clear Japanese mining of rare earth metals can potentially become a reality .

Over the past few years, Japan has invested in mining and production of precious metals in Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan斯捷普诺戈尔Minsk City built rare earth joint venture production plant. In addition , in order to find alternative raw materials of rare earth metals , Japan is considering including cell phones and computers , including the use of waste electronic products as a renewable raw material.

Japan is doing everything possible to reduce the rare earth production areas in monopolistic China 's dependence. One-third of the world's rare earth reserves China currently supplies 90% of global market. Rare earth metals main importing countries are Japan, the U.S. and the EU. For this reason, in 2009 China significantly reduce the production and export of rare earth , causing prices to rise and the main importing countries of discontent. Intensification of territorial disputes with China in the context of Japan was particularly passive .

At the same time , the Russian state-owned enterprises and private enterprises PocTex ICT Group has announced plans to mine rare earth deposits in Yakutia Republic , the Republic of Yakutia Thom Thor prepared to invest billions of dollars in mining . The mine is considered to be the world's largest deposits of rare earths , proven reserves of 1.54 billion tons of ore containing yttrium, niobium oxide , scandium, terbium , and other rare earth elements.

ICT Group spokesman Vlad ? Vail efavirenz said: "Now is not only Japan but the whole world is concerned about ensuring their own supply of rare earth metals . We do not have any in Yakutia collaborative projects , but as a consumer market , all manufacturers interested in Japan . we decided to make mining of rare earth metals is geared towards the future not only hopes to export , but also take into account the Russian industry will increase the demand for rare earth metals . mineral properties may help to improve its competitiveness . "

According to experts estimates, including Chinese experts , China 's reserves of rare earth materials are not inexhaustible . And those who have their own resources in order to preserve and protect the ecological environment of rare earth mining freeze countries are re-examine their policies . 5-7 years later, if all goes well , Russia will be able to exactly rare earth production to meet market demand .


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August 29 Mining Engineering Inner Mongolia University of Technology, rare earth resource utilization "academician expert workstation" Today unveiled. Will promote the Inner Mongolia coal and rare earth resources development and utilization and protection.

Inner Mongolia Baotou Bayan Obo mine, is the world-famous multi-featured rare earth metal Ore, has proven reserves 175 kinds of mineral ore body, 71 kinds of elements, with a high utilization value. "Rare Earth Resources Comprehensive Utilization" academician workstation, will focus on improving the rare earth industry output capacity of independent intellectual property rights, the rare earth core technology competitiveness, corporate patent management and protection standards, product technology content and added value of research and other aspects.

Currently, Mongolia has proven coal reserves rank first, but build wells for a serious shortage of coal reserves, mining is not efficient, ecological and environmental problems seriously. Peng Suping academician academicians and experts led by mining engineering workstations, will be "Inner Mongolia coal mining and the use of safety engineering technology research center" as a research platform for the exploitation of mineral resources and security issues facing the technical research, efficient and safe mining of coal resources in Inner Mongolia to provide pilot geological theory and technical support.

Currently, Inner Mongolia University of Technology has appointed Hu Zhuangqi, Zhou Guo-zhi, Wang Guodong and many other academicians, conducted a number of academic lectures, workstations staff are also experts in the field with the formation of the more active academic exchanges atmosphere. Research projects have been started, including "physical and chemical properties of the melt metallurgy and database development", "iron niobium and rare earth metals were associated more optimal use of resources," two studies have been through demonstration.


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Recently, the Ministry of raw materials at the fifth Secretary Chen Yanhai Baotou Rare Earth Industry Forum, said the first half of this year, smelting and separation of rare earth minerals and products production was 41,000 tons and 35,000 tons, 87% plan to complete in the first half and 78 %, to achieve industry profit of about 20 million.

Although the first half of the demand to pick up, but considering the first half of the indicators have been completed more than half of the earth, the overall industry performance is expected this year will be a sharp decline.

Reporters on the scene to get the data show that in 2011 to 2012, respectively, of rare earth industry realized profits of 15.9 billion yuan, 10.8 billion yuan, respectively, compared with 2010 growth of 288% and 163%.

Since the first quarter of this year, China's rare earth trade rebounded trajectory since February monthly export volume are gradually rise, according to customs statistics, in April Chinese rare earth export volume of 2196 tons, an increase of 6 times more than in March of export volume grew 28%.

Market analysis, in destocking slow development of alternative technologies that foreign rare earth project competition, the Chinese rare earth export enterprises, especially private enterprises willingness enhanced, resulting in a substantial increase in Chinese exports of rare earths.

It is noteworthy that, in 2011 and 2012 were exported 18,600 tons of rare earth products and 16,800 tons, respectively, compared to 2010 decreased by 53% and 58%, but the average export prices were up 1 and 5 times or so.


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Whether intentionally or unintentionally , the backdoor listing Chenguang Rare Earths , Baotou Steel Rare Earth has entered the Fujian indirect field of rare earth .

Baotou Steel Rare Earth , general manager Zhang has on several occasions publicly expressed the heavy rare earth desire , at present, foreign countries have launched a large light rare earth project , involved in the heavy rare earth undoubtedly improve the Baotou Rare Earth competitiveness. 2010 , Baotou Steel Rare Earth will spend 230 million yuan to obtain through three Ganzhou rare earth separation and processing enterprises portion of the shares involved in the success of Jiangxi heavy rare earth fields.

August 28 , the investment adviser metallurgical industry researcher Yuan Zhibin to the "First Financial Daily" reporters , said Chenguang Rare Earths backdoor Yinrun capital investment, Baotou Steel Rare Earth will get involved in Fujian rare opportunity, " though it does not get involved in two provinces RE integration , but also to expand its industrial chain and regional distribution , and strengthen its leading position . "

But for the Baotou Rare Earth in the future it will participate in Fujian integration, as of this writing , the Baotou Rare Earth has not been a reply.

This reporter learned that, as early as last August , Fujian Province have been identified to Xiamenwuye for the province RE integration platform , does not want foreign companies gain a foothold in the province of rare earth consolidation. " Fujian itself or tend to their home countries ' Xiamen Tungsten mode ' is ." One has done the group formed program investigating brokerage sources said .

Yuan Zhibin said , Baotou Steel Rare Earth Rare Earth if involved in the integration of Fujian Province , is bound to earth with Fujian 's own policies are in conflict .

There unnamed industry sources believe that Chenguang Rare Earths backdoor listing in Fujian , but from the Baotou Rare Earth really involved Fujian RE integration is still far away . " Rare-Earth held Yinrun investment share ratio is too low , the regional integration , Baotou Steel Rare Earth and Xiamen Tungsten no obvious competition ."

In this view, the dawn rare backdoor listing , it touches Jiangxi province in an awkward position. "Now the area of ​​a large rare earth famous enterprises ' jump ' out of the Jiangxi plates, and listed, this and Ganzhou Rare Earth Group 's listing plan is in conflict ."

This year on March 30 , Ganzhou Rare Earth Holdings Limited formal operation , that time, Ganzhou has completed eight smelting and separation enterprises mergers and acquisitions and has been put into operation , and the remaining companies being acquired assets assessment . "Next , Ganzhou Rare Earth Group to accelerate corporate mergers and acquisitions pace ." Rare Earth Industry Association Secretary-General Ma Rongzhang said .

However, unlike other provinces integration compared to sitting in the heavy rare earths in Jiangxi Province has attracted Minmetals Group , the aluminum company , Rising colored rare earth heavyweights competing for their enterprises in the province many conflicting interests and more complex . This leads to Jiangxi not only integrate the slow progress in the rare earth group formation is even more "late ."

Aforementioned industry sources said , Jiangxi large group difficult integration is the fact that , if we say Chenguang Rare Earths already on the market in the future Ganzhou Rare Earth Group would like to integrate its chances even smaller. He also revealed that another local large private enterprises have openly Jiangxi Province forcibly integrated approach discontent , " at a meeting , this enterprise appeared very is indignant ."


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August 29: Rare overall market trend, stability maintenance, lack of demand downstream buyers, the market traded partial stalemate. Shouchu news yet to be finalized, watching the market mentality a little thick.

Dysprosium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 220-240 yuan / ton, dysprosium iron mainstream manufacturers tax price 220-240 yuan / ton.

Praseodymium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 560,000-580,000 yuan / ton. Neodymium oxide 360,000-370,000 yuan / ton.
 
Lanthanum oxide manufacturers tax price 27,000-29,000 yuan / ton. Cerium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 28,000-29,000 yuan / ton.

Praseodymium neodymium mainstream manufacturers tax price 360,000-370,000 yuan / ton, praseodymium neodymium metal mainstream manufacturers tax price of 460,000-470,000 yuan / ton.

Europium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 4,900-5,100 yuan / kg. Terbium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 4,300-4,500 yuan / kg.


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Rare in smart phones, battery, and hard drives and other electronic devices in the application is known , but the utilization of rare earth metals in a loop but few developers . This will not only reduce the e-waste emissions and can ease the crisis in the supply of these metals , while the end user is no longer a resource depletion or too costly to worry .

Last week, specializing in hazardous waste disposal VeoliaES Massachusetts company opened a new plant in the state , according to "WMW" ( Waste Management World ) article reported that the company working with partners from the fluorescent powder recovery of rare earth elements. Containing rare earth fluorescent powder is a mixture , which is usually used in video screen displays and fluorescent lamps inside .

Factories operated by the VeoliaES have fluorescent, ballasts, batteries, computers, electronic products and mercury-containing waste recycling equipment . Based on "WMW" said, this plant is almost one hundred percent recycled fluorescent in earth, and to prevent harmful to the environment and waste mercury into circulation .

Meanwhile, Belgian researchers found that can be recovered by the wet extraction of neodymium magnets and samarium elements inside .

"This process involves from neodymium and samarium cobalt magnets rare earth elements and other elements in the wet extracted ." Lead researcher Koen Binnemans on " Chemical World " said. "The other elements - including iron, cobalt , manganese , copper and zinc - liquid , and rare earth metal is showing the water phase" ion solution can also be recycled.

Another method , allegedly Ames method , a molten magnesium separated from the rare earth magnets , permanent magnets are crushed into small pieces of metal dissolved in the liquid , the evaporated magnesium is boiled only rare earth elements.

However, it was questioned calls need to do a lot of profitable e-waste . 2010 New York Times article mentioned in the Japanese and holding company with a recycling plant to refine rare earths, the computer chips crushed to 2 cm after melting at 1400 degrees Celsius . This plant process 300 tonnes of waste a day but only outputs 150 grams of rare earth metals .
" Chemical World " quoted Binnemans argument, although less than 1% of the rare earth elements are recycled , 20% of global demand can thus met.

" Recycling is only partially solve the supply problem , not replace ore production, only as a supplement ," he said through an integrated loop ore production and use , from the Western countries, the future may be largely dependent on Chinese supplies .

However, this seems too optimistic , given to about 95 percent by the Chinese supply of rare earth elements , some of the rare earth consumers through the loop by reducing raw material costs, reduce dependence on foreign resources . Several large car manufacturers have declared the use of rare earth loop plan , and the need to reduce vehicle production of the rare earths used.

Honda has developed a new hybrid car from used nickel metal hydride batteries in the recycling of rare earth first step. Based on Honda's argument, this method can be extracted from the waste batteries in 80% of the rare earths, 99 % purity , can reach the level of ore processed . Honda declare their goal is not only from the battery in refining rare earth metals, and other components from the production line is also extracted .

Other car manufacturers are also trying to reduce the amount of rare earths . 2012 Toyota declare that they have developed a need to use rare earth production of hybrid cars approach. GM also confirmed dysprosium element in reducing engine technology has been used in an amount close to a breakthrough. Ford has stated that they will use lithium-ion batteries instead of nickel-metal hydride batteries, the move will make the company spend on earth annually by 50 million pounds.

Although rare earth loop from the terminal application use and reduce demand for rare earths is a worrying trend , but the fact is that the use of rare earth loops , especially for the electronics industry , it is still the initial stage, but also in the foreseeable future unlikely to significantly cut demand . Either way, the end user to use the new technologies in order to reduce costs to improve profit margins , investors will still be wise to keep the use of rare earth loop aspects of development .


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