Tungsten carbide nozzle vacuum sintering technology has been widely used in 1860s. The principle is that all the gas has been completely escape from the pores before sintering so that the density of tungsten carbide products has been greatly improved. Its advantage is that the wettability of binder phase Co is improving in vacuum, especially for P types and M types alloy contains TiC and (Ti, W) C.

Secondly, the state of the furnace hydrogen is more stable, which make products not easy to carburizing or decarburization, while the product does not require packing separated and protected, which non-adhesive surface of the product and metal deposits. Last but not least, oxygen and other gases are more easily to exclude in vacuum, which reduces the impurity between WC hard phase and Co binder phase so that the quality of tungsten carbide nozzle is improved.



















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Sintering is a kind of processing that makes fine powder particles are bonded through heating process, namely turns the powdered materials into compact. This is a traditional process, which people take advantage of sintering for powder metallurgy, ceramics, fireproofing and heat resistance materials, etc. In general, after powder molding, the compact by sintering is a polycrystalline material, which is composed of crystal, vitreous and pore. The sintering process directly affects the microstructure of the grain size, pore size and the shape and distribution of grain boundaries, which is related with material properties.

In addition, problems due to the sintering will be difficult to make up by following procedure so that the choice of the sintering process has also been an aspect of the practical production for considering. At present, the common sintering methods are vacuum sintering, microwave sintering, and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) combined with microwave sintering, etc.













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According to the theoretical analysis and experimental research, for electric ultrasonic atomization, we will focus on the use of image solution technology in the piezoelectric transducer performance parameters, frequency and amplitude of the excitation voltage, the jet diameter and speed. Excitation voltage is higher, the more easily broken jet improve excitation voltage and tungsten carbide atomizing nozzle working conditions.

In addition, the nozzle chamber longitudinal gap exists an optimum value, which the closer gap between the value of the jet is more easily broken. The smaller the diameter of the nozzle, the more easily the formation of droplets, and the influence of other parameters weakened, which requires filtering to improve the accuracy of media. The hydrodynamic atomization quality mainly depends on the export flow velocity and atomizer produce audible vibration, and there is a critical value. If the air velocity is higher than the critical value, the atomization quality will be significantly improved.















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Therefore, ultrasonic atomizer improves the efficiency of combustion, reduces the discharge of smoke and nitrogen oxide, which saves energy. However, it has complicated mechanism, which in the way of applications. For ultrasonic atomizer burners can be divided into two kinds by the different sources of ultrasonic sound, which is electric power and fluid. The atomizer ultrasonic generator of tungsten carbide ultrasonic atomizing nozzle is independent of the outside provided separately. The principle is that when the fuel from liquid into the tube, under surface tension and the impact of affinity, after the formation of a thin film is atomized.

This atomizer has wide adjustment range, compact structure and is suitable for small oil atomizer, but requires a higher solid exterior electrical equipment cost. While another tungsten carbide hydrodynamic ultrasonic atomizer ultrasonic generator is on the nozzle, and the principle is take advantage of high-speed jet ejected impact excitation resonant cavity vibrate, generating high-intensity sound waves, resulting in fuel injection zone and the combustion zone provide a gas acoustic vibration, to achieve efficient combustion and obtained atomized. Processing capacity due to its wide range of operating pressure, and when the air flow is subsonic or supersonic conditions, can get higher sound pressure, nozzle structure is relatively simple, low cost, and therefore have broad application prospects.





















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Cullen Resources has recently completed three exploration drill holes testing targets in the Doyenwae and Trig Orr prospects of its Minter Project area about 50 kilometres northwest of West Wyalong in central NSW. Target areas were based on previously identified wolfram (tin and arsenic) geochemistry anomalies from soil sampling and prior shallow drilling. The company is targeting tungsten stockwork and vein-type mineralisation associated with granite cupolas of the Silurian Kikoira Granite. Drilling in 2012 intersected multiple scheelite-bearing quartz veins in sediments. Higher grade intercepts included one metre at 0.70% WO₃, 4.05 metres at 0.58% WO₃ and 1.4 metres at 136% WO₃. Cullen indicated in March 2013 that it was seeking a farm-in partner.



 

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Carpentaria Exploration Ltd continued work at its Broken Hill tin and tungsten project north of Broken Hill in NSW, which contain the historical Euriowie, Waukeroo and Kantappa Tin Fields, and the Yanco Glen scheelite (tungsten) deposit 40 kilometres north of Broken Hill. In 2012, Carpentaria undertook a drilling program at Yanco Glen to confirm the previous resource and test possible extensions. In October 2012 the company announced updated Inferred Resources of 3.4 Mt at 0.11% WO3, using a 0.05% WO3 cut-off, for a contained 3.95 kt of WO3, doubling the previous amount of tungsten. At the Yanco Glen deposit tungsten is present as scheelite and minor wolframite in stratabound mineralisation, occurring within high-grade gneiss (metavolcanic precursor?) and metasediments of the Paleoproterozoic Broken Hill Group. Carpentaria have been undertaking metallurgical test-work as well as a mining scoping study.



 

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In April 2008, Peel Exploration Ltd (Peel) released an Inferred resource estimate of 1.29 Mt at 0.61% WO₃ and 0.05% Mo, at a cut-off of 0.2% WO₃ equivalent, for the Attunga deposit 20 kilometres north of Tamworth in NSW. Peel followed this up in 2010-11 with a study to investigate development options which indicated conditions were favourable for a low capital expenditure operation. Mineralisation at Attunga occurs within skarns developed at the contact of a lime-rich sequence with the Permian-Triassic Inlet Monzonite. In late 2012 Peel indicated it had begun a review of the Attunga deposit and was seeking potential joint venture or off-take partners. In August 2013 Peel completed one diamond drill hole for metallurgical test-work.



 

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In 2012-13, Thomson Resources continued exploratory drilling of magnetic targets within the southern part of the undercover Thomson Orogen in northwest NSW. Drilling on the eastern flank of the company's F1 anomaly (Falcon project) in early 2013 intersected anomalous tungsten (best intercept of 0.3% W over one metre), molybdenum and minor gold (Au) in what may be a zoned system. Previously, Thomson Resources reported on earlier drilling on other prospects in the Thomson Orogen which intersected evidence of mineralised hydrothermal systems. Two of these targets (Cuttaburra project) gave high grade polymetallic intercepts, with grades up to 3.7 grams per tonne (g/t) Au and to 113 g/t silver (Ag) as well as to 0.4% Bi, to 0.5% Cu, to 1.8% Pb, to 0.8% Sn, to 0.6% W and to 4.25% Zn. Mineralisation is reported to occur as sheeted and stockwork veins up to one metre wide within zones of altered basement rocks of the Thomson Orogen. On the basis of the polymetallic assemblages and presence of granite, Thomson Resources has suggested an intrusion related gold style of mineralisation for the mineral systems intersected so far. Tungsten, present as scheelite, appears to be a common feature of the majority of these mineral systems.  Thomson Resources announced in June 2013 that it had reached agreement with Cuttaburra project joint venture partner Raptor Minerals Ltd to acquire 100% of the project.

 

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In May 2013, Tungsten Mining NL (Tungsten Mining) announced a maiden JORC Code resource for its Kilba Project, 320 kilometres northeast of Carnarvon, in the Gascoyne region of WA. The company reported that the prospect has Indicated Resources of 1.3 Mt at 0.3% WO3 and Inferred Resources of 3.7 Mt at 0.26% WO3. Resources are from two zones (zone 8 and zone 11) with a total contained tungsten content of 10.8 kt. Tungsten mineralisation is present as scheelite associated with skarns and calc-silicate units within sediments that host the Paleoproterozoic Kilba Granite. In June 2013, Tungsten Mining announced that it had completed a positive preliminary scoping study based on mineral resources—not reserves, which led it to initiate a definitive feasibility study to upgrade the mineral resource estimate through infill drilling in zone 8 and zone 11. The study is due for completion by the second quarter of 2014.



 

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Newcrest Mining Limited (Newcrest) released updated reserve and revised resource figures in December 2012 for its O'Callaghans polymetallic tungsten-copper-zinc-lead skarn deposit about 10 kilometres south of Telfer in WA. The company reported Probable Reserves of 59 Mt grading 0.28% WO3, 0.29% Cu, 0.62% zinc (Zn) and 0.3% lead (Pb), with a contained 0.16 Mt of WO3, all within Indicated Resources of 69 Mt grading 0.34% WO3, 0.29% Cu, 0.55% Zn and 0.27% Pb, and Inferred Resources of 9 Mt grading 0.25% WO3, 0.24% Cu, 0.15% Zn and 0.07% Pb. Mineralisation occurs within a sub-horizontal polymetallic skarn at the contact between the Neoproterozoic O'Callaghans granite and limestone of the Proterozoic Puntapunta Formation. Newcrest has previously indicated it is undertaking a pre-feasibility study into the deposit. Based on its 2011-12 results, Newcrest was indicating potential development of the O'Callaghans deposit within the next five years, subject to board approval.



 

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