Introduction and Application of Tungsten Heavy Alloys I

Tungsten alloys are materials with a high tungsten content and low amounts of NiFe (binder material). They show similar high densities as pure tungsten, but they are much easier to machine.Tungsten Heavy Alloys are characterised in particular by their excellent strength and ductility.

Advantages tungsten heavy alloys:  
  high density from 17.0 to 18.5 g/cm3
  high absorption capacity against X-rays and gamma rays
  good machinability  
  high Young's modulus and very good mechanical properties
  harmless to the health and environment

Application of tungsten heavy alloys:  
  protection shields for nuclear radiation
  counter weights for the engine construction
  aerospace
  mechanical engineering
  fine mechanical technology
  forming
  sports


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Introduction and Application of Tungsten Copper Alloy

Tungsten copper alloy is a powder metallurgical material produced by the means of infiltration with copper contents from 10 to 40% typically 75% tungsten 25% copper, materials are back-cast with copper and can be joined by welding or brazing with various supporting materials.

Advantages of tungsten copper alloy:
  high arc resistance combined with good electrical conductivity
  high thermal conductivity
  low thermal expansion
  back-castable with Cu

Application of tungsten copper alloy:
  arcing contacts in high and medium voltage breakers fortransmission and distribution of electrical power.
  carrier plates or heat sinks as passive cooling elements of electronic devices.
  erosion electrodes for EDM made of Sparkal.
  electrodes for other applications (surge protection, welding, laser  applications)


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Tungsten - an indispensable commodity

Although classified as a rare metal, tungsten is found in most countries and the International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA), a not-for-profit trade association, represents the industry worldwide, with a membership ranging from miners to converters to consumers to traders.

Why tungsten is indispensable to our lives will become apparent from the survey on this website of tungsten’s applications, from mobile phones, circuit boards, dentist drills and light sources, to darts and golf clubs, to huge mining drills, power plants and nuclear reactors, to cars, planes and trains – and to LIFE itself.

The ITIA's website explores a fascinating metal of many superlatives, providing a work of reference to the expert, a comprehensive guide to the student, and an introduction to tungsten to the general public.


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Future Applications of Tungsten

The need for a more energy-conscious society in relation to the efficient production and consumption of energy has intensified in past years and will become increasingly important for that society in the future. Currently, worldwide energy use is growing much faster than supply can match. The efficiency of conventional technologies must be improved in order to reduce losses in transmission and distribution of energy, and new strategies and technologies must be developed for “doing more, using less”.

Whatever form such solutions may take in the future, it may be expected that tungsten-based materials and components will play their positive part in meeting these challenges. Tungsten products have contributed in the past in this way, both as functional materials and advanced tools with outstanding properties, and this contribution will not diminish in the near future.

Current discussions on global warming, and the conclusion that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century, have brought calls for reductions in emissions which will demand a more conscientious handling of fossil energy worldwide. The search for alternatives will be intensified, as coal, oil and natural gas reserves become depleted and the need to use existing natural and renewable resources steadily increases.

There is a great opportunity for tungsten-containing products which have strategic importance in the field of fossil energy production, fossil energy or renewable power generation, power transmission and power distribution, because of their outstanding properties.


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Extraction of Tungsten

Introduction
The production of the tungsten(VI) oxide from the ores is complicated, and not needed for any UK A level (or equivalent) syllabus. All we are interested in is the final reduction of the oxide to the metal.

Pure tungsten can't be obtained by reducing tungsten(VI) oxide using carbon, because it reacts with carbon to make tungsten carbide. Instead, the reducing agent is hydrogen.
The extraction process

Powdered tungsten(VI) oxide is heated to temperatures in the range 550 - 850°C in a stream of hydrogen.

An excess of hydrogen is used, and this carries away the steam produced during the reaction. The hydrogen is dried and recycled.
Great care obviously has to be taken to keep the whole system free of air to avoid explosion risks with the hydrogen at these high temperatures.

 

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