The structure of ammonium metatungstate powder is highly dependent on hydration and POM molecule rotation, with cation and hydrogen  bonding  forces directing  a  mixture  of structure that have been studied with bulk and single-crystal  methods.   The illustration show simulated anion structural disorder that the fully dehydrated form of the  compound.

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The dartboard may have its origins in the cross-section of a tree. An old name for a dartboard is "butt"; the word comes from the French word , but the meaning is "target". In particular, the Yorkshire and Manchester Log End boards are differ from the standard board in that they have no treble, only double and bulls’ eye, the Manchester board being of a smaller diameter, with a playing area of only 25 cm across with double and bull areas measuring just 4mm. The London Fives board is another variation. This has only 12 equal segments numbered 20, 5, 15, 10, 20, 5, 15, 10, 20, 5, 15, 10 with the doubles and triples being a quarter of an inch wide.

There is a speculation that the game originated among soldiers throwing short arrows at the bottom of the cask or at the bottom of trunks of trees. As the wood dried, cracks would develop, creating "sections". Soon, regional standards emerged and many woodworkers supplemented bar tabs by fabricating dart boards for the local pubs.

The standard numbering plan with a 20 on top was created in 1896 by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin. However, a great many other configurations have been used throughout the years and in different geographical locations. Gamlin's layout was devised to penalize inaccuracy. Although the most of the boards, the left-hand side (near the 14 section) is preferred by beginners, for its concentration of larger numbers. Mathematically, removing the rotational symmetry by placing the "20" at the top, there are 19!, or 121,645,100,408,832,000 possible dartboards. Many different layouts would penalize a player more than the current setup, however, the current setup actually does the job rather efficiently. There have been several mathematical papers published that consider the "optimal" dartboard.

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Tungsten darts come in many different varieties and percentages. You will see the most common being 70%, which usually means 70% tungsten, 30% nickel.

Sometimes mixed with copper for sets, however those are  unusual to find . You can find darts with a trace of tungsten up to about 98% tungsten in the more expensive sets.

Remember that the more tungsten you buy, the darts will hold up better, last longer, and be thinner, which will help your shooting.

Choosing weight of dart to use can be tricky and it is would be trial and error again and again. Basically a heavier Tungsten dart will suit a more relaxed throw, while a lighter dart would suit some one who wants to put more effort in. Ladies will choose a heavier dart to get more power, but this is not always for it.

Steel Tip Dart Weights
Range 18gm to 32gm.
Most common 23gm and 24gm - ideal for beginners

Soft Tip Dart Weights
Traditionally range 14gms to 20gms
Heavier weight now introduced up to 25gms
Most common 18gm - ideal for beginners.

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Someone ask the questions: "How high do I hang my dartboard?" or "What dart should I buy?" Considering I'm still get the question number one and I've had that information posted at this site for a very long time, I know this will not eliminate the second question altogether, but I should cut down on the amount of them. I was going to split this page up into two parts, soft & steel, until this little light went off and I realized the only difference between the two points and weights. So one page and it has been divided into the following.

Wooden Dart
You never see these around, but they are a lot of fun to throw with. They are made of lightweight wood shaft with turkey feather flights (no parts to replace). I have four sets and I ordered from Al's American Darts for using with their wooden dartboard. They weigh around 12 grams so they really aren't that much lighter than electronic darts. They work just fine with any bristle board.

Nickle - Electronic
Nickel-silver is yet another light dart that it is an alloy consisting of nickel, coppering and zincing. Like brass, it is easy for manufacturers to shape too.
 
Tungsten - Electronic
Tungsten, unlike brass and nickel-silver,  it is a very heavy and dense metal.and t is usually mixed with nickel ,so you will see on a package something like 80-20 (80% tungsten/20% nickel). It is harder to work with but will last longer than the other two (especially the knurling). On average, a 20 gram tungsten dart will be ½  , the size of a 20 gram brass dart which will allow for tighter groupings on the board. This is the reason why most of the really good throwers use tungsten darts, but if you're just starting out, you won't be throwing tight groupings anyway, regardless of the dart you're using.

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How to chose a suitable dart ?The best tungsten dart may can afford the good feeling when we play. If you have long fingers you may flavor a long dart. If you have small fingers you may favor shorter dart.

There are some tips for you:

Steel Tip Darts: It is a steel tip point that fitted to the barrel and thrown into a paper or bristle dartboard.

Soft Tip Darts: It is a flexible plastic tip which is thrown into a plastic or digital dartboard which has many small holes retaining the dart.

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Rhenium:

Rhenium resembles manganese chemically and is obtained as a by-product of molybdenum and copper ore's extraction and refinement. Rhenium shows in its compounds a wide variety of oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7.Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines, these alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element, with the chemical industry's catalytic uses being next-most important. Because of the low availability relative to demand, rhenium is among the most expensive of metals, with an average price of approximately US$4,575 per kilogram (US$142.30 per troy ounce) as of August 2011; it is also of critical strategic military importance, for its use in high performance military jet and rocket engines.

Rhenium Tungsten Bar Description:

Material:Rhenium-Tungsten

Shape:bar  

Surface: grinding, cleaning, forging  

Purity: >99.50%  

Application:used to make artillery rockets, satellite airplane




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