Tungsten is one of the most highly refractory metals and is well applied in lamp filaments, heating elements in high temperature furnaces, electronic heaters, X-ray emission tubes, TIG welding electrodes etc. The widely applications of tungsten result from its thermal resistance to high temperature, high hardness, and high wear resistance.

Tungsten, owing to its high melting point combined with high strength at elevated temperatures, high thermal conductivity and low sputtering yield, is being considered as one of most promising candidates for plasma facing wall material in future fusion reactors.

It is known that preparation of tungsten carbide mainly consists of the following steps. Ammonium paratungstate (APT) is produced from ammonium tungstate solution through evaporation and crystallization, and then tungsten trioxide is produced by calcining APT, finally, tungsten carbide is prepared by hydrogen reduction and followed carbonization. Studies have showed a smaller particle size and uniform distribution of APT has a positive effect on the physical properties of tungsten carbide such as hardness, heat resistance, and wear resistance.

There are three types of tungsten wire application property: high temperature, room temperature and wire diameter consistency.  

The doped tungsten wire is the wire that dopes certain amount of potassium and silicon into pure tungsten powder. It will not only increase the color temperature, luminous efficiency and life time of wire, but also has well anti sag propery, it can be used as special lamp filament with high working temperature such as halogen lamp. Provided that some alloy elements such as cobalt are added into the doped wire, the wire will have high strength and shock resistance. The wire is generally used in lighting system in vibration environment, lamps for various vehicles (motorcycles, automobiles, trains, airplanes, etc) as well as special light bulbs for military purposes, heating wires for aeroengine, etc.

Tungsten is used in the production of numerous end use items. It is widely used for high temperature applications such as filaments in light bulbs, cathodes in high power lamps, and rocket nozzles in space crafts. Tungsten is also used in the manufacture of superalloys and catalysts. In addition, its considerable applications in industry as a refractory metal owing to its outstanding hardness and wear resistance in the form of tungsten carbide are well known.

Tungsten and its alloys are the major materials applied in fusion reactors owing to their high melting point, high thermal conductivity, high strength at elevated temperatures, low sputtering yield in radiation environment.

Ammonium metatungstate (AMT, (NH4)6H2W12O40·yH2O) is a polycondensation product of solutions of ammonium tungstate. The applications of it include high distectic point metal, extra fine alloy, petrochemical catalyzer and nuclear energy, space flight, casting titanium, etc.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis using sunlight as an irradiation source is a feasible technique to degrade pollutants in air. Although TiO2 possesses enticing properties such as chemical stability, strong oxidizing power, photo-resistance, availability, and low cost, its photocatalytic activity remains insufficient for large-scale applications.

WC-Co cemented carbides are widely applied in industry which include mining, grinding and metal cutting tools.  Its high hardness and toughness give its widely industrial applications. The microstructural scale is a major to influence its mechanical properties. The hardness can be enhanced by with smaller carbide grain size. The common grain size of WC-Co ranges within l-10 pm.