There are several types of light that could be referred to as 'halogen', most commonly are tungsten halogen which are very similar to normal lights and metal halide which are discharge lamps.

Tungsten halogen bulbs are able to run hotter and therefore brighter than 'plain' tungsten bulbs so for a given amount of light the T/H bulb can use a bit less power. T/H tend to be used where the colour temperature (whiteness as opposed to yellowness) is important for good colour display.

Metal halide lamps are often used in shops giving a very efficient but slightly purple tinged colour, the require completely new (and quite expensive luminaires)

Low voltage lamps tend to be more efficient than mains as the filament is shorter and more compact but there is additional cost in the transformer/power supply required.
The most efficient lights are LED 'bulbs' but again they require a dedicated type of power supply or more expensive versions of the bulb.

LEDs have the advantage of a very long lifetime, so reducing maintenance costs.

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Tungsten is found in the minerals Wolframite (iron-manganese tungstate, FeWO4/MnWO4), Scheelite (calcium tungstate, (CaWO4), ferberite and hübnerite. These are mined and used to produce about 37,400 tons of tungsten concentrates per year in 2000. China produced over 75% of this total, with most of the remaining production coming from Austria, Bolivia, Portugal, and Russia.

Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. The ore is eventually converted to tungsten(VI) oxide (WO3), which is heated with hydrogen or carbon to produce powdered tungsten. It can be used in that state or pressed into solid bars.

Tungsten can also be extracted by hydrogen reduction of WF6 (WF6 + 3H2 → W + 6HF) or pyrolytic decomposition (WF6 + energy → W + 3F2).

Because it retains its hardness at high temperatures and has a high melting point, elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications, such as light bulb, cathode-ray tube, and vacuum tube filaments, heating elements, and rocket engine nozzles. Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the gas tungsten arc welding process (also called TIG (tungsten/inert gas) welding).

Due to its conductive properties, as well as its relative chemical inertia, tungsten is also used in electrodes, and in the emitter tips in electron-beam instruments that use field emission guns, such as electron microscopes. In electronics, tungsten is used as an interconnect material in integrated circuits, between the silicon dioxide dielectric material and the transistors. It is used in metallic films, which replace the wiring used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten (or molybdenum) on silicon.

The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for X-ray targets, and also for shielding from high-energy radiations (such as in the radiopharmaceutical industry for shielding radioactive samples of FDG). Tungsten powder is used as a filler material in plastic composites, which are used as a nontoxic substitute for lead in bullets, shot, and radiation shields. Since this element's thermal expansion is similar to borosilicate glass, it is used for making glass-to-metal seals.

The hardness and density of tungsten are applied in obtaining heavy metal alloys. A good example is high speed steel, which may contain as much as 18% tungsten. Superalloys containing tungsten, such as Hastelloy and Stellite, are used in turbine blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings. Applications requiring its high density include heat sinks, weights, counterweights, ballast keels for yachts, tail ballast for commercial aircraft, and as ballast in race cars for NASCAR and Formula 1. It is an ideal material to use as a bucking bar for riveting, where the mass necessary for good results can be achieved in a compact bar. In armaments, tungsten, usually alloyed with nickel and iron or cobalt to form heavy alloys, is used in kinetic energy penetrators as an alternative to depleted uranium but may also be used in cannon shells, grenades and missiles to create supersonic shrapnel. High-density alloys of tungsten may be used in darts (to allow for a smaller diameter and thus tighter groupings) or for fishing lures (tungsten beads allow the fly to sink rapidly). Some types of strings for musical instruments are wound with tungsten wires. Its density, similar to that of gold, allows tungsten to be used in jewelry as an alternative to gold or platinum. Its hardness makes it ideal for rings that will resist scratching, are hypoallergenic, and will not need polishing, which is especially useful in designs with a brushed finish.

Tungsten compounds are used in catalysts, inorganic pigments (e.g. tungsten oxides), and as high-temperature lubricants (tungsten disulfide). Tungsten carbide (WC) is used to make wear-resistant abrasives and cutters and knives for drills, circular saws, milling and turning tools used by the metalworking, woodworking, mining, petroleum and construction industries and accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption. Tungsten oxides are used in ceramic glazes and calcium/magnesium tungstates are used widely in fluorescent lighting. Crystal tungstates are used as scintillation detectors in nuclear physics and nuclear medicine. Other salts that contain tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries.

Lately, tungsten is used for jewelry because of its longevity and high durability.

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Tungsten ore low, must be integrated mineral-rich concentrate to a smelting raw material. According to the type of tungsten ore dressing into wolframite and scheelite mineral beneficiation two types. Present mining to wolframite quartz vein type, accounting for the amount of ore taken out more than 90%. Tungsten ore dressing methods mainly hand-selected, HM election, re-election, flotation, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation methods such as. Wolframite in order to re-election dominated by flotation mainly scheelite. Most of our wolframite is easy to choose the type of ore, while the composition of scheelite ore complex, and mostly of refractory ore, coupled with low grade, so not a lot of development.

In addition, tungsten oxide minerals such as tungsten China currently not recycled. China's tungsten ore dressing and processing plant started in 1952 a large-scale factory in Dajishan Tungsten establish 125t / d of gravity concentration plant, the late 50s, former Soviet Union Mechanobr Research and Design Institute for the down hill , West Mountain and hilly Miyama tungsten designed three large-scale tungsten ore processing plant put into operation one after another. 40 years in the production practice constantly sum up experience, and absorb foreign advanced technology dressing, through continuous improvement, so that beneficiation process is improving daily, processing technical and economic indicators have reached the world advanced level.

Nanchang representative non-ferrous metals such as tungsten ore beneficiation company targets, despite nearly 10 years in the annual decline in ore grade, the tungsten recovery remained at 84% or more of the high concentrate grade (WO3) 66.7 % ~ 68.9% (up to 12 tungsten national standards: WO3 content is not less than 65%), ore grade (WO3) 0.25% ~ 0.27%, tailing grade (WO3) 0.036% ~ 0.046%. Tungsten smelting and fire refining method and two kinds of water law. The use of wolframite concentrate or smelting scheelite concentrate, but different smelting process, so both wolframite deposit, there scheelite, we must each ore body, each calculated reserves. When the ore wolframite, scheelite coexist together, to elect a black tungsten concentrate and scheelite concentrate for smelting, respectively. The smelting of mineral raw materials as tungsten tungsten ore concentrates, containing WO3 should meet or greater than 65%.

The pyrometallurgical into tungsten alloy (with W>70 or>65%) by Water Act, a positive tungsten smelting sodium, calcium APT or tungsten, etc.. Finally, further processed into tungsten trioxide (containing WO3>=99.9%), then reducing agent (usually hydrogen) is reduced to tungsten powder (with W>=99.9%) and so on.

Tungsten is recovered from scheelite ore concentrates, or other tungsten concentrates which may, or may not contain scheelite in the form of sodium tungstate and in yields up to 99.5 percent or more by a process in which ground ore substantially below 200 mesh in particle size is first added to a 50 percent sodium hydroxide solution while being agitated to such an extent that the resulting mixture becomes a semi-solid as the temperature is raised above 80°C. The semi-solid is then baked at 135 to 145°C for about 1 to 2 hours, followed by adding sufficient water to the semi-solid to form a slurry having a sodium hydroxide concentration below 6 molar, separating the causticinsoluble sludge from the slurry and washing the sludge with a dilute sodium hydroxide solution to remove residual sodium tungstate.

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At first, the comparison between fluorescent and tungsten may seem simple, but such a decision can impact the work environment, home environment, product quality, even financial situation. When comparing fluorescent and tungsten lighting, important factors to consider include location, spacing, safety and cost.

Instructions

1
Consider the location and purpose of the light in question. Is it a smaller room or a large, open area? Will people be reading and studying under the light or moving actively? If a work-based environment, is the location a photo studio or a place that works with details and colors? Does the light require a dimmer?

2
Consider the output and safety of the light. Fluorescent light bulbs emit 90 to 95 percent of their energy as light, while tungsten light bulbs emit 90 to 95 percent of their energy as heat. Will the lights be used in wide, open spaces? Will the lights be near flammable materials or papers? Are the lights recessed and potentially prone to overheating?

3
Consider cost and energy efficiency. Fluorescent lights will always be more energy efficient than tungsten, however, there may be a cost involved to make a fixture fluorescent-friendly. Additionally, take note of how long the light and location will be in use; the long-term operating cost of fluorescent lights is less than that of tungsten, but in the short term tungsten may be less expensive.

Tips & Warnings
If cost is a major factor, crunch some numbers to figure out which light is more financially feasible. For instance, if you are renting a small office for five years, using fluorescent lighting may be more cost effective. If you rent the same small office for one year, on the other hand, tungsten may work better. Remember to include the cost of any fixtures as well as modifications necessary to accommodate those fixtures.

If the decision comes down to the issue of safety, choose fluorescent. With a significantly lower operating temperature, fluorescent lights are far less likely to cause burns or fires if the fixture is knocked over as well as less likely to overheat when used in smaller, contained spaces.

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Tungsten is a steel-gray, heavy metal -- chemical symbol "W", atomic number 74, and atomic weight of 183.85. It was isolated in 1783 and originally named wolfram. It's hard and dense, with the highest melting point of any metal (6,192 degrees Fahrenheit) and greatest tensile strength of all metals at temperatures above 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. These properties are the reasons for most commercial uses of tungsten.

Pure Tungsten
The glowing filament of incandescent light bulbs is made of pure tungsten. Tungsten also is in the starter filament of fluorescent bulbs and filaments of cathode ray tubes. These applications require great tensile strength at very high temperatures. Filament wire represents the single biggest use of tungsten. Pure tungsten also is made into heating elements for electric furnaces used in smelting plants and foundries. Pure tungsten also forms the electron beam target in the vacuum tubes producing X-rays for medical and industrial imaging. The pure metal also is used for lead-free fishing weights, lead-free shotgun pellets, welding rods and in high-tech weighted darts used for sporting competitions.

Tungsten Carbide
Most things made of tungsten are actually made with tungsten alloys. For instance, tungsten alloyed with carbon forms incredibly hard tungsten carbide. This material is used in golf clubs, drill bits, grinding burrs, lathe cutting bits, saw blades, cutting wheels, milling bits, wire pulling dies, water-jet cutter nozzles and armor-piercing artillery shells. It's also used for jewelry, mainly rings. Tungsten carbide can take textured finishes or a high-gloss silvery polish. Because tungsten carbide is so hard, the finish resists dings, scratches and abrasion. It's almost as heavy as gold, so tungsten carbide rings have a satisfactory "heft" when worn.

Other Tungsten Alloys
Tungsten is alloyed with various combinations of iron, copper, nickel, cobalt and/or molybdenum. The most common metallic tungsten alloys combine 90-95 percent tungsten with nickel and iron. Adding cobalt to the alloy enhances strength and ductility. Replacing the iron with cobalt greatly enhances wear resistance. Replacing the nickel-iron with copper produces a strong, wear-resistant alloy with good electrical conductivity. Adding molybdenum to the nickel-iron mix improves strength but reduces ductility. All metallic tungsten alloys are very dense.

Tungsten Alloy Products
Metallic tungsten alloys are about as effective as lead for blocking radiation, with the advantage of being non-toxic. Tungsten alloys are used to make radiation shields and containers for the radioactive materials used in certain medical imaging devices. Tungsten alloys also are used for balancing weights in computer disk drives and racing cars, inertial dampers for aircraft control surfaces, fragmentation artillery shells, bunker-busting bombs, concrete-piercing bullets and wear-resistant electrical switch contacts in high-voltage equipment.

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The fishing jig is a simple lure, but extremely effective in a variety of scenarios for an array of fish in both fresh and saltwater. Jigs consist of a hook with a weighted head that gives it enough bulk to drop down to where fish are. Often adorned with hair, feathers, plastic, rubber or live bait, the fishing jig is available in different sizes, colors and shapes, notes Learning How to Fish.

Jig Hooks
The hook lengths and sizes vary on jigs, with the hook's eye typically bent forward as much as 90 degrees. Hook colors include red, gold, black and bronze, while the length of a jig hook's shank -- the part of the hook that goes from the eye to where the hook begins to bend -- differs as well. Long-shanked hooks allow the use of soft plastic baits attached to the jig, while anglers favor shorter shanks when putting live bait such as a minnow or grubs on their jig.

Jig Heads
The portion of the jig that causes it to sink into the depths when you cast it out is the jig head, usually composed of lead or tungsten. The jig head, positioned at the top part of the hook where the eye is, has a collar that extends partway down the shaft of the hook. Some are straight and smooth, while others feature a small barb that holds any plastic baits attached to the jig in place. Colors vary on jigs, with the clarity of the water often dictating whether you employ a brightly colored jig or a darker one.

Weights
One of the most important aspects of the jig bait is its weight. The jig must sink through the water to where the fish are, but not so quickly that it frightens the fish or causes them to lose interest in the jig bait as a potential meal. Anglers such as ice fishermen use lighter jigs, between 1/32 of an oz. and 1/8 of an oz., for catching species like bluegills and crappies through holes in the ice. They slowly flutter these jigs until a fish strikes them. The largest, heaviest jigs target fish in deeper waters such as striped bass and lake trout, with weights of the jigs up to 2 full oz. The depth of the water, the wind conditions and any current are factors in determining what size jig to tie on your line.

Adornments
When an angler uses a jig adorned with tinsel, soft plastic, silicone, hair or some other feature, the idea is to try to replicate aquatic creatures fish might dine upon. These adornments also reduce the rate at which a jig will sink in the water, allowing the fish a good, long view of it as it makes its way downward. Adornments make a jig look almost lifelike to a fish. For example, a soft plastic jig mimics such forage foods as grubs, crayfish, minnows or leaches. A plastic replica of such a creature, available in multiple shapes and colors, covers the jig.

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Over the past decade, there have been several "revolutionary" innovations that have made their way into the world of bass fishing; Innovations such as Extra Wide Gap hooks, fluorocarbon fishing line, and life-like swimbaits, to name only a few. But perhaps one of the most significant additions to our sport, especially for finesse fishing enthusiasts, was the introduction of tungsten fishing weights.

Like most, I was absolutely shocked when I saw how much these new tungsten sinkers cost. "These new tungsten sinkers are nothing more than tackle manufacturers attempt at re-inventing the wheel," I told myself. "There is no way that people are going to pay this much money for something that can't possibly be THAT much better than plain lead sinkers." Although it took a while, I eventually realized that I was very wrong on both points.

While my "dinosaur mentality" (as some of today's Young Guns like to call it) initially prevented me from jumping on-board what I perceived was a money wasting tungsten weight bandwagon, I soon came to realize that my reluctance to do so put me at a distinct disadvantage when fishing against guys who were more than willing to fork out (about) a buck apiece for their tungsten sinkers. I eventually learned that there were several huge advantages to using tungsten sinkers instead of lead sinkers. Tungsten, as we now know, is considerably denser than lead, which means that we get the same weight, but at nearly half the size of lead. This alone is a huge advantage in that you will hang up far less with a tungsten sinker than with a lead sinker because of its smaller size. This equates to more casts over the course of a day (i.e. less time wasted re-tying); which will likely mean more fish, as well. Or, as my father taught me at a very young age: "You're not going to catch any fish if you don't have your bait in the water".

Another huge advantage to using tungsten sinkers is that, because tungsten is a very hard material, it is extremely sensitive and can actually help you "feel" what the bottom is made of and what your bait is bumping into, such as rocks, brush, mud, etc. And if all of this isn't enough, using tungsten weights will (or at least should) keep environmentalists off our backs, as tungsten is far more "environmentally friendly" than is lead, which will probably be banned entirely some day.

When tungsten sinkers first made their way onto the pegs in our favorite tackle stores (actually they were usually locked up in display cases next to the high-end reels), we were more or less held hostage by the one or two companies that manufactured them. I say this because many of these early tungsten sinkers were junk, however, if you wanted tungsten sinkers, you had no choice but to buy theirs. These early sinkers had small plastic inserts in them, which frequently fell out. When this happened, the sharp edge of the sinker would occasionally fray or even cut your line. This meant a lot of lost sinkers and frequent re-tying (good for them - bad for us) or worse - lost fish. In addition to this, the holes in these weights were extremely small, which made pegging them with a toothpick or a Peg-It nearly impossible (something that I frequently do when flipping or pitching plastic worms). I also had problems with their dropshot weights. The line clips would frequently cut my line while attaching the weight to my line. I even had a number of these line clips come completely out of the weight while casting. This REALLY sucks at a buck (or more) a piece! I mention these things in the past tense, but a couple of these companies are still in business making tungsten weights today and have made little or no improvements to them.

Tru-Tungsten Weights

Just for kicks, I did a little research into the Tru-Tungsten company and discovered that ALL of their products are 97% tungsten, the highest percentage available on the market. Some tungsten weight manufacturers use as little as 70% tungsten (or less), which accounts for their larger size.

In addition to tungsten weights, Tru-Tungsten also has a new line of jig heads called "Ikey Head Jigs" designed by (you guessed it) former BASSMASTER Classic champion Mike Icaonelli. They also make jigs, spinnerbaits, and buzzbaits, all of which (of course) have tungsten heads. They will soon be releasing a new tungsten dropshot weight designed by defending B.A.S.S. Angler of the Year and Tru-Tungsten pro staffer Aaron Martens.

While having both Aaron Martens and Mike Icaonelli on your pro staff is a dream come true for any sponsor, the rest of the Tru-Tungsten pro staff ain't too shabby either. Joining the country's hottest two sticks and forming what can arguably be described as the "Dream Team" of professional bass fishing are Larry Nixon, Denny Brauer, Gerald Swindle, Jason Quinn, Peter T, Marty Stone, Ken Cook, and California's own Gary Dobyns, Jared Lintner, Matt Newman, and Shaun Bailey. With a batting order like this, and with a full line of great products, it is easy to see why Tru-Tungsten is gaining momentum and rapidly becoming the largest manufacturer of tungsten fishing products in the world.

By Ron Cervenka

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HT ENTERPRISES, INC., industry leaders in modern progressive ice tackle design and manufacturers of the original Polar Tip-Up, are pleased to introduce the newest model in their revolutionary and popular Marmooska Tungsten Jig line: The MARMOOSKA TUNGSTEN LUNAR JIG.

These first class, premium ice jigs feature all the unique, still unmatched qualities of the original Marmooska: Off-set head for unsurpassed hooking ability, light wire, small barbed hooks for efficient hooking percentages, even when using the lightest rods and lines, plus, MARMOOSKA TUNGSTEN LUNAR JIG heads feature a premium epoxy coated paint for superior fish attraction and durability-and are made of tungsten, a material 70% more dense than lead, so they drop super fast.

This provides a tremendous advantage when fishing deep water, fast moving schools or trying to get a small jig down through the ice chips within a freshly drilled hole. You get all the benefits of a small profile jig, but with the added strength of a heavy design that gets down to the depth you want to fish-fast-all while experiencing unsurpassed presentation control and an outstanding sense of feel!

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If you’re a fan of non-lead hunting loads then you probably know that tungsten is a very hard, dense element, much more dense than lead. The increased density allows you to fish a much smaller jig, surface area-wise. This translates to a quickly sinking jig that gets your bait to deep-water fish much faster than a lead jig. The longer your bait is in the zone near the active fish, the more fish you will catch. Simple as that.

There hasn’t been nearly enough research done on tungsten for me to call it “non-toxic” but at least it’s not lead, which is proven to be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.

It appears that anglers have been using tungsten for quite some time and I might be a little late to the tungsten party.

I’m admittedly late with this post seeing how we’re nearing the end of ice fishing season and the fish will start moving into the shallows soon but better late than never. And maybe this post will prompt you to add some tungsten jigs to your arsenal for next winter. Bet you can get some on clearance.

Good fishing and please help keep the woods and waters free of trash.

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The Keitech Super Round Tungsten Jig Heads are high performance, professional-grade lures from Japan, designed to give anglers an edge in any tournament. The popular round head with an extra slender collar never tears your worms and keeps various soft plastic baits secure. The hooks are designed with a specific bend, which increases strength and hook ups.

Tungsten is significantly harder and denser than its lead counterparts, which enables the rounded head to be smaller - for less fouling. The hardness of the tungsten also enables the angler to ‘feel' the bottom better and keep the bait in the strike zone more effectively. Tungsten is also better for the fisheries than lead - helping to protect our lakes and rivers.

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