Nowadays, tungsten heavy alloy is increasingly adopted as the raw material to make parts of military products, such as bullet, armor and shells, shrapnel head, grenade, hunting gun, bullet warheads,bulletproof vehicles, tank panzers, cannons, firearms, etc. A major use for tungsten heavy alloys is in kinetic energy penetrators, where they are in direct competition with depleted uranium (DU).

Recent investigations conducted at the Army Research Laboratory show that DU’s superior properties resulted from its ability to localize shear during ballistic penetration events. Therefore, it was argued that if localized shear can be imparted to tungsten heavy alloys, these alloys would exhibit penetration performance matching that of depleted uranium (which had become an environmental problem).

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Dart Sets

A dart comprises of four basic parts, a point, a barrel, a shaft (or stem) and a flight. Of these four parts, the most crucial one is the barrel. This is the part of the dart you grip when you throw and it also gives the dart its weight. The shape of the barrel will vary depending on where the weight is concentrated. If the barrel is the same thickness all the way down the weight is distributed evenly, a torpedo style barrel is heavier at the front and a barrel which is thicker in the center has the majority of its weight concentrated there.

Tungsten Alloy Darts billets & Barrels

Tungsten is denser than brass, in other words if you had two equal amounts in volume of tungsten and brass, then the tungsten would be twice as heavy (2.15 to be exact). The advantage of this is you can achieve the same weight as a thick brass barrel, but the tungsten barrel would be a lot slimmer. This would be a lot more beneficial to a competent dart player as this leaves a lot more room in the treble bed when darts are grouped closely together, making scoring easier.

Tungsten Darts

Tungsten darts come in a variety of weights from about 16 grams up to around 30 grams. It is important when choosing a set of darts that you get the opportunity to try out as many as possible before deciding on a set. The main thing is you feel comfortable when throwing them. Once you find those perfect darts, it may be an idea to purchase an additional identical set just in case they get lost or stolen. If your game does go a little stale or you are striving for improvement, don't be afraid to change your darts.

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Shotgun Ammunition : What is it?

Shotgun ammunition are the bullets or shells used in shotguns. They are driven out of their shells when the shotgun is fired. They are usually available in the form of big, lead slugs or as cartridges made up of hundreds of tiny, lead pellets ideal for hunting birds. A single projectile contained in a shotgun shell is called a slug, while a shell filled with multiple pellets is called a shot.

Types Of Shotgun Ammunitions

Kinds of Shotgun Ammunitions include the following:

Buckshot loads
Buckshot loads are shotgun shells that contain lead balls with a large diameter.
They are commonly used for self-defense and big game hunting.
They can contain up to up to 27 balls or pellets measuring .24 to .36 inch.
They are considered all-around defense shots because of their large lead pellets.
They come in different diameter sizes with 000, 00, 0, #1, and #4 being the most popular.
The larger models offer effective penetration and a greater range.
Those used by law enforcers offer fast follow-up shots instead of full power.

Birdshot loads
Birdshot loads are shotgun shells that contain pellets with a small diameter.
They are commonly used for bird and waterfowl hunting.
They are considered field loads.
They usually have poor stopping power, but they work well at close ranges, usually from 20 to 30 feet.
They are usually recommended for self-defense.
They behave like buckshot loads when shot at close range—they tend to be locked into the shotgun’s shot cup.

Rifted slug loads
Rifted slug loads are shotgun shells that contain bullets made of solid lead.
They are single projectiles similar to rifle bullets.
They have ridged sides that provide stability and rotation during flight.
They offer excellent stopping capabilities.
However, they do not offer accurate hits because they require carefully aiming.
They come in different types including sabot-type slugs, Foster, and Brenneke.
They are ideal for targeting shots in long distances.

Choosing Shotgun Ammunitions (Buying Tips)
Length: For a more powerful and accurate shooting, choose shotgun ammunition with a length of three-and-a-half inches or more. As a rule, the longer the shotgun ammo, the more powerful they are. The length of shotgun ammunition is measured in inches based on the firearm’s hull length.
Non-toxicity: Due to environmental issues, many states and areas prohibit the use of lead ammunition in waterfowl hunting and upland bird hunting. For environment-friendly shotgun ammunition, choose those made with non-toxic properties such as steel, tin, bismuth, tungsten-matrix, tungsten-iron, and tungsten-polymer materials.

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 1, Radiation shield, collimator, nuclear shielding, beams top, PET syringe shield, vial shield, isotope container, FDG container, multi leaf collimator ,

 2, Balanced part; tungsten sinker bar, heavy metal boring bar, yacht, sailboat, submarine and other vessels crank camshafts, holders for Well Logging, Racing Weights. vibration damping and dynamic balancing. Tungsten sinker bar,  Tungsten bucking bar, Tungsten boring bar, Tungsten Sinkers, tungsten alloy counterweights for golf and tungsten alloy dart parts spheres, cubes, and projectile shapes

 3, High-temperature die, Electro heat , brass and copper, Tooling for low-pressure die-casting of aluminums and brass, Hot upsetting dies, Filler rods for die repair,
upsetting anvil block, electrical rivet

 4, Shrapnel head; Penetrators

 5, Electrical contact;

 6, Balanced ball for missile and plane;  golf and tungsten alloy dart parts spheres, cubes, and projectile shapes

 7, Core for amour piercing bullet measurement

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Tungsten Products supplies a number of industries with a difficult-to-machine material--tungsten heavy alloys. The heavy alloy products produced by the company provide a special combination of density, mechanical strength, machinability, corrosion resistance and economy. Unfortunately, the positive aspects of this material can also provide some unique challenges during machining.

Randy Shank, Stellram service engineer, and Nick Gaten, global milling manager, recently improved Tungsten Products' machining operation with some new grades and geometries. A new high positive, -441 milling geometry, along with a shell mill using octagonal inserts, was tested on a rotary-wing aerospace part for reducing vibration and counterbalancing. This new geometry, designed for aluminum and titanium operations, provides freer cutting and reduces the "suction effect" normally associated with higher helical geometries.

Machining tungsten heavy alloy is similar to machining gray cast iron, because the material is highly abrasive, with the chips being discontinuous. Carbide tools should be used for milling, turning and drilling. Cutting speeds and feeds arc generally less than when machining cast iron, and the use of coolant is suggested for roughing but is not required when finishing. Unlike machining cast irons, where chipbreakers arc rarely needed, tungsten requires positive edges to prevent edge build-up.

Many of Tungsten Products' customers are in the medical and aerospace field and require extremely tight tolerances. Applications for these materials range from therapeutic medical radiation shielding, aerospace weights and counterbalances, helicopter rotor applications, and down hole logging, to recreational applications such as golfing, racing and firearms.

A new precision ground geometry from Stellram, the 3F, offered a perfect solution for some of the precision machining required on these components. The 3F, like the 441 milling geometry, is a high positive geometry with sharp edges and small nose radii. It is intended for high temperature alloys and aluminum.

This geometry, along with a new TiAIN grade, SP3 064, and a 0.003 inch nose radius, increased tool life by nine to 12 times. Another turning application with the same geometry and grade allowed a 20 percent increase in speed and a 50 percent increase in feed with 40 percent longer tool life.

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Tungsten Heavy Alloy products are offered as machinable blanks or as precision machined parts to customer specification and used in many different applications as listed below.

•Counterbalance for Vibration Dampening
•Aircraft control surfaces
•Helicopter rotor Systems
•Engine components
•Auto racing industry
•Ship ballasts
•Golf club weights
•Ordnance
•Fire arms
•Down hole logging-Sinker bars
•Boring bars
•Ordnance application
•Bucking Bars

Tungsten Heavy Alloy Ballast Weight
Tungsten Heavy Alloy is superior to lead in terms of durability, dimensional stability, density and low toxicity. Tungsten Heavy Alloy does not suffer from the radioactivity or high chemical reactivity of depleted uranium.

Aircraft counterbalance weights and inertial masses
Tungsten Heavy Alloy has been the preferred material in the aerospace industry for many years as counterbalance weight for ailerons, rudders, and elevator parts for fixed and rotary wing aircraft. Tungsten Heavy Alloy weights are typically machined to precise tolerances and are provided with a protective coating to the customer specification.

Down hole well logging casings and weights
Well logging is widely used in the oil and gas industry for the characterization of wells (formation analysis) and in the positioning of downhole equipment. Tungsten Heavy Alloy is an excellent casing material for down hole logging of oil and gas. Mechanical properties are very significant to the survivability of these rather large components.

Bucking Bars
Tungsten Heavy Alloy bucking bars are denser than steel, resulting in a bucking bar of the same weight but half the size. Bucking bars are used in rivet setting to upset the shank of the rivet. Tungsten Heavy Alloy bucking bars reduce the recoil when reflecting the impact back to the rivet shank.

Racing weights for chassis and skid plates
Tungsten Alloy is used by professional racing teams to fine-tune the chassis in a variety of racing forums. Tungsten Heavy Alloy offers up to 50% more weight in a given volume, with the added advantages of direct attachment via threaded holes and the freedom from deformation.

Boring bars and high stiffness tooling
The combined high density, high elastic (Young’s) modulus, and machinability of Tungsten Heavy Alloy make them ideal materials for chatter free boring bars and grinding quills. High extension rations are possible due to the high stiffness of this material. The high density of Tungsten Heavy Alloy makes for effective inertial damping of cutting induced vibration. Grade HA170 or HA175 Tungsten Heavy alloy are most commonly used.

Sporting goods for firearms and golf clubs
Tungsten Heavy Alloy concentrates maximum weight in the smallest possible space. Use in golf clubs and tennis rackets increases the sweet spot size and adds the stability while reducing shock and vibration for increased power and control. Counterbalance fine tuning and inertial masses to shift through center of gravity.

Ordnance
Tungsten Heavy Alloy has been used in high density fragmenting devices and armor piercing ammunition rounds.

Advantages of Tungsten Heavy Alloy’s Shielding
Use not subject to NRC, EPA, or special OSHA regulations
High radiation absorption (superior to lead)
Low toxicity-safer than lead or depleted uranium: simplified life cycle
Easily machined into complex geometries
Hardness, strength, and ductility make for good durability
Good corrosion resistance

Additional Industrial/Commercial/Medical Applications
Radiography
Nuclear power plant shielding
Nuclear medicine
Clinical point shielding
X-ray collimators and area shielding
Isotope production, transport, and containment
Oncology Isotopic and accelerator based platforms
Homeland Defense-
            Personal protection equipment for emergency responders
            Large container inspection devices

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Flights are the fins or wings found at the back of a dart. It is used to stabilize your dart in the air. Flights are available in a vast selection of colors, sizes and materials. There is no "correct" or "best" flight shape. It depends on your personal throw which flight to choose. Selecting the proper flight for your darts is a trial-error process. 

Soft flights are made of a flexible plastic sheet, preprinted with a variety of designs and then folded into shape. Adhesive (glue) holds the layers of plastic together. A benefit of this type of flight is that a soft flight will often flex out of the way if another dart hits it. These flights are available in hundreds of bright, attractive designs. Also known as "Reseal Flights".

Hard flights are made of stiff polyester plastic that holds shape well. The layers are permanently sealed together by heat during production. Hard Flights do not flex like soft flight when hitting, but do "pop off" the shaft when hitting another dart. This is desirable as it reduces deflection and allows tight groups. Hard Flights were originally made of a clear plastic, which resulted in fairly dull colors in printed designs.

Nylon flights are the most durable type of flights. These dart flights are very hard to tear. The stiffness varies according to the weight and type of fabric used by the manufacturer, but is roughly midway between soft and hard flights. Since rips top nylon fabric is a thicker material, it is important to pry open the slots on the shaft for a properly loose fit to avoid damage to the flight. Nylon Flights are available in solid colors and dozens of printed designs.

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Tungsten disulfide is commonly known by its chemical formula, WS2. Tungsten disulfide can be used as a dry lubricant for mechanical parts, and is often preferred because it can be used within a wide range of temperatures and will not introduce contaminants into the machinery. Sandblasting equipment can be used to apply the lubricant. Otherwise, WS2 can be applied with a buffing wheel. If the WS2 can be mixed with wet lubricants in your application, it may be added to oil or other lubricants. If you are applying WS2 to small parts, a tumbler may be used.

Instructions

Buffing
1
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

2
Mix the tungsten disulfide powder with rubbing alcohol in a small glass jar. Start by pouring in just a small amount of alcohol and mixing thoroughly with a spoon. Keep pouring more alcohol until you have a grey paste.

3
Spread the paste onto the part and the buffing wheel. Allow them some time to dry thoroughly.

4
Turn on the wheel and press the part up against it, turning the part and buffing it until the part is coated a grey color.

Tumbling
5
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

6
Put several of your small parts or bullets into the empty aspirin bottle.

7
Fill the bottle three-quarters of the way up with tungsten disulfide.

8
Place the bottle in the tumbler. Turn the tumbler on for approximately five hours.

Add Tungsten Disulfide to Lubrication
9
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

10
Mix some tungsten disulfide in with fresh lubrication, oil or grease.

11
Grease the part, change the oil oar and apply the new lubrication. The tungsten disulfide will slowly coat the parts as the lubrication moves through the machinery.

Sand Blasting
12
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

13
Blast the part with a light layer of aluminum oxide.

14
Clean the part off with a clean soft cloth so there is no trace of aluminum oxide powder.

15
Set the sand blaster to 120 PSI and to cold pneumatic air. Blast the tungsten disulfide onto the part until the part becomes a silver-grey color.

16
Clean the excess tungsten disulfide dust off with another clean cloth. Do not rub too hard or you will remove the powder.

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Tungsten jewelry has gained popularity due to both the modern look that the metal provides and its ability to resist scratching and bending.

Characteristics
Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a gray transition metal that is mined in Europe, North America, South America and Asia. Along with its use in jewelry, the element is also used in electric lamps, X-rays and in the development of spacecraft.

Jewelry
In its raw state, tungsten is a very brittle metal that can be easily cut with a hacksaw. In order to create jewelry such as a ring or bracelet from tungsten, it must be strengthened. This is achieved by combining tungsten powder with carbon and another metal such as nickel or cobalt.

Use
Due to the weight of tungsten jewelry, it is not typically used in earrings and pendants. It is more common to find tungsten carbide in rings, bracelets and watches. Jewelry made from tungsten will resist scratching, bending and stretching better than gold or silver.

Appearance
Tungsten carbide jewelry features a darker hue that can be polished to resemble hematite. When mixed with nickel, the resulting appearance is similar to that of platinum.

Care
Due to the metal's ability to maintain shape and shine over time, very little care is required for tungsten jewelry. Retailers of tungsten carbide jewelry caution against cleaning with chemicals or with ultrasonic cleaners, suggesting soap and water instead.

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Tungsten is an extremely durable metal that makes a great alternative for a mens ring. It cannot be scratched, bent or wore down making it a sought after option for a wedding band. However, one of the drawbacks to the tungsten ring is that it cannot be sized once the ring is made. Caring and correct sizing will ensure you order the correct finger size.

What is Tungsten
Tungsten is a very hard, brittle, grey to white metal that is extremely corrosion resistant. The major sources of this metallic chemical element are in Russia, Austria, China and Portugal. It is extracted from minerals like scheelite and wolframite. It cannot be found in a pure from in nature. It is about ten times harder than 18k gold and five times harder than steel.

Resizing Tungsten
Because tungsten is extremely durable and hard, it is impossible to resize. You will need to get your finger sized correctly and order the ring in that size. Most jewelry retailers include or offer a lifetime warranty on tungsten rings that includes free ordering of new sizes if your finger changes in size.

Benefits
Tungsten is so durable that it won't wear down, bend or scratch. It has a high resistance tarnish and holds a shine once it is polished. It is also hypoallergenic. Due to its durability and scratch resistance, tungsten is a great alternative for men who work heavily with their hands.

Considerations
Tungsten is heavy and the weight of it may feel heavy on your finger. It cannot be resized if you needed a new size in the future. You will need to order a whole new ring if you need a different size. Tungsten cannot be engraved like gold or silver but can be laser etched for an additional price. In the case of an emergency, tungsten cannot be cut off your finger.

Cleaning and Care
Tungsten rings will need to be polished with cloth if smudges and fingerprints incur. It does not scratch but may look like if it is accidentally rubbed up against something else. If this happens, use a soft tooth brush and liquid soap to brush away the rubbings on the ring.

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