Throwing Tungsten Darts: The Art And The Science

A good tungsten dart throw begins with a good stance. It is best to align the body so that the throwing arm is forward. A right handed tungsten dart thrower will want his or her right foot next to the toe line. The body should be aligned from 45 to 90 degrees from the toe line, with the opposite foot back. If the opposite foot is forward the thrower will have to sling the tungsten dart across the body. This makes for a longer throw. Also throws become awkward when the body is parallel to the oche.

Next it is important to develop a consistent grip. Probably the easiest grip for most beginners will be the pencil grip as this is familiar. However, the tungsten dart may be gripped in a variety of ways. The key is to use the thumb to push the tungsten dart against two or more fingers. Keep the point stabilized and pointed slightly upward. The tungsten dart, no matter how hard it is thrown (because of gravity) is going to travel in an arc.

Take advantage of this arc. Throw the tungsten dart so that its trajectory is along an arcing path. The amount of arc will depend upon the speed of the throw. The angle of arc will accelerate as the tungsten dart begins to drop, so a certain amount of impetus must be given in order to make accurate throws. To maintain the highest accuracy, the thrower should not make extreme variations in flight speed or grip. Continuous practice with a particular style and speed will allow the thrower to gauge where the throw will strike the board based on the angle of the throw to the oche and the angle of release.

Tungsten dart throwing is done with the arm. Do not move the body or shoulder during the throw. The elbow is fixed when pulling the dart back, but raised slightly when the tungsten dart is flung forward. This allows the hand to better follow the trajectory of the tungsten dart. Many experts use a wrist snap that makes the entire movement of the arm rather like the crack of a whip. This imparts speed to the tungsten dart. However, it is an advanced movement and may degrade accuracy for the beginner.

Some beginners do not pull back the tungsten dart when throwing. This is a mistake as it makes it difficult to get enough acceleration from the tungsten dart to reach the board with accuracy. Also it is important to follow through. One way to do this is end the throw by leaving the throwing arm extended with the hand pointing at the target. Try to avoid the tungsten dart wobbling in flight. This is usually caused by the tungsten dart being thrown at too much of an angle to the path of flight. The tungsten dart flights attempt to correct, and this causes the wobbling motion.

 

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Soccer Tungsten Dart Rule

Soccer tungsten dart rule is a game for two players or teams only. It is a very difficult game but is great practice because only bulls-eyes and doubles count.

The Object: To be the first player to score ten "goals".

The Scoring: No scoring is needed if you can simply remember each player’s points from one to ten.

The Play: One player from each team throws one tungsten dart at bulls-eye, closest to the bulls-eye goes first.

In order to score a "goal", the players first must "take possession of the ball". To take possession, you must hit a bulls-eye (either a single or a double, it does not matter). Once you have possession, you keep the ball until the other player/team takes possession by hitting a bulls-eye.

Only the player/team that has possession of the ball may score goals. To score a goal you must hit any double on the board. The doubles are the thin outer ring and the inner-bulls-eye. Any double you hit anywhere on the board counts as one goal and scores one point for you or your team.

Strategy: There isn't any.

 

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Tungsten Compound Shielding System Properties

Tungsten compound shielding is made of tungsten powder and polymer, tungsten compound enjoys many excellent properties or special characteristics such as high density (≥11.34 g/cm3), perfect radiation shielding performance, good flexibility, excellent workability and perfect environmental suitability.

Tungsten Compound Shielding System Properties:

  • Provides approx. 75% Attenuation as compared to solid lead
  • Attenuation of 175% compared to a high density lead blanket
  • Priced competitively to lead for many applications
  • Available as a blanket, ribbon wrap or molded shapes; flexible or rigid
  • Cut materials to fit without needing to seal edges - no residue
  • Included fasteners, grommets, locking devices, etc., as required
  • Improved fit-up --- molded applications typically will yield much higher reduction factors - less weight with same impact
  • Tested to 550°F/288°C

tungsten compound

 

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Tungsten Polymer Shielding Application Example

Typical shielding densities approaching twice that of high density lead blankets with similar thickness. The new shielding material is tungsten polymer with highly flexible and can be molded/formed into any shape. Tungsten polymer (also known as tungsten poly) is a composition of various resins and tungsten powder which are mixed together through special metallurgical technology. The resins may include ABS (acryloynitrile butadiene styrene), PP (polypropylene), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PA (polyamide), PU (polyurethane), TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), etc. This material often be considered as lead alternatives.

Pressurized heater tungsten polymer shielding application example:
Maximized the Shielding Impact, particularly in tight spaces
Offering ease of installing and securing
Integral securing straps included (lockable systems available).
Greatly increased shielding effectiveness by custom profiling the shield relative to the "hot spot" or radiation source.

tungsten polymer shielding

 

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Tungsten Carbide Nozzle Lifespan Improving II

In terms of structure and shape, the common types of tungsten carbide nozzles are straight-bore, conical (solid and hollow), fan-shaped, venture, porous, etc. According to different applications, take tungsten carbide hydraulic sand-blasting nozzle for instance. It can be specifically divided by the shape of tube into conical, straight-tapered (a conical contraction section and cylindrical acceleration section), streamline, equal-transmission and so on.

Through contrast experiments, they will be arrange in equal-transmission > streamline >straight-tapered > conical. The straight-tapered is the most widely used, its main parameters are convergent angle α, the diameter of entry d, acceleration section length l, nozzle length L and aspect ratio l / d.

 

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Tungsten Carbide Nozzle Lifespan Improving

The most popular material used in nozzle is steel, pottery, tungsten carbide, diamond, artificial gem and so on. Among of them, tungsten carbide is the most widely used currently due to its good hardness and toughness. In terms of microstructure, it is closely related with its anti-corrosion. Some experimental statistic shows that domestic WC tungsten carbide grains is easily peeled off under the impact of the jet flow because of its clear boundary and the poor anchoring strength of grains.

However, abroad WC tungsten carbide exists in crystallization so that the anti-corrosion of nozzle is better than domestic WC tungsten carbide nozzle. From mechanics of view, different materials (metal, tungsten carbide and pottery) have different abrasive mechanism. Metal has better toughness than fragile pottery and their erosion rate is distinct, such as YT15 tungsten carbide is a order of magnitude higher than the pottery in erosion rate, which reveals that hardness of material is more important than fracture toughness in anti-erosion.

 

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Tungsten Mining and Processing-II

Tungsten is mined by conventional underground and open cut mining technologies.

Depending on the exact mineralogical properties of the ore including any valuable by-products or unwanted contaminants, various methods can be combined to produce a concentrate. A final tradeable concentrate has generally a concentration of 65% WO3 or more.
The tungsten concentrate is than processed to either ammonium paratungstate (APT) or ferrotungsten (FeW) as the intermediate material for the various tungsten uses. APT is the most common intermediate form of tungsten in which it is traded and the price for ore concentrate is directly linked to the price of APT. The price is usually quoted as RMB / mtu or USD / mtu APT (mtu – metric ton unit = 1% of one metric ton = 10kg).
China is currently the largest tungsten producer, accounting for about 84% of world production in 2011. It is followed by Russia, Canada, Austria, Bolivia, Portugal and a number of smaller producers. China has also the largest reserves according to the USGS accounting for 59% of world reserves. Other countries that have significant known reserves are Russia, the United States, Canada as well as Australia.


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Tungsten Carbide Hydraulic Sand-blasting Nozzle Abrasion IV

In addition, the particles move at a high speed in tube, which makes intense friction with inner wall and produces a quantity of heat. Although the cooling water takes off a part of heat, it brings about part difference in temperature and stress field, which leads to thermal peeling. What’s more, micro-structure of the inner wall will be spread into water by the rest of heat, and chemical composition has been changed. Therefore, the performance of nozzle is reduced and the abrasion is severer, which called spreading wear.
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Tungsten Mining and Processing-I

Tungsten is mined by conventional underground and open cut mining technologies. Due to the low solubility of scheelite and wolframite and the characteristics of tungsten deposits, in-situ recovery or heap-leaching cannot be used to extract tungsten. On some historical mine sites, reprocessing of tailings can be economic to produce tungsten that was previously not recovered.
From the mined ore, a tungsten concentrate can be produced by various methods. First steps are usually crushing and grinding. Ore sorting (X-ray, optical or UV in the case of scheelite) can be used to pre-enrich the mined ore. As scheelite and wolframite are both heavy minerals, gravity methods can be used to produce a concentrate. Scheelite is also susceptible to flotation while wolframite is not. In contrast, magnetic separation can be used for wolframite while it is not possible for scheelite separation.

  




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Tungsten Carbide Hydraulic Sand-blasting Nozzle Abrasion III

If the sand impacts the inside wall with a larger angle, whose hardness is lower than nozzle material, the surface of nozzle will be out of shape. And the water flow will harden the surface, which small cracks come into be some new cracks so that the strain exceeds the ultimate strength and falls off finally. This is fatigue wearing. Although tungsten carbide nozzle has good hardness and toughness, it belongs to fragile materials. Its inner wall is wearing the sand flow impact and water flow is squeezing into through the cracks, which called brittle rupture abrasion.
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