October 28 , the Ministry of Commerce announced the 2014 rare earth export quota reporting conditions and reporting procedures . If launched from 1998 rare earth export quota license system date, this model has more than 15 years.

Now, the earth is facing a change in the quota system . Foreign media recently reported that Chinese exports of rare earths regulation triggered America, Europe and China trade litigation, WTO (WTO) has basically endorsed the idea of ​​America, Europe , and has issued a tentative judgment relevant national notice , finds China violation of the 2001 WTO accession agreement commitments.

October 30 , the reporter learned from authoritative sources , at present, government departments have already commenced discussions on the news , "message should be true ." The official said China is very difficult to restore the situation .

Chinese Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Industry and so had repeatedly stressed that China adopt a quota system for rare earth and make industry consolidation , the purpose is to protect resources and the environment and achieve sustainable development , in line with WTO rules . The Chinese government has no intention of trade-distorting way to protect domestic industries .

Preliminary ruling unfavorable to China

Last March , the United States on China for rare earths , tungsten and molybdenum imposed export controls raised the question that these restrictive measures on these raw materials in the international market supply chains caused huge distortions and harmful interference. EU and Japan also made the request for consultations with China .

China has about 23% of the world 's rare earth reserves , but long-term supply more than 90 percent of global rare earth production. Previously few years, China's exports of rare earths has been executed rare earth export quota system , which annually clear domestic compliance with the relevant conditions of production and distribution companies in export volume , in order to protect resources and the environment and realize sustainable development.

Commerce Department released data show that China's rare earth export quota year 2010 a total of 30,258 tons , compared to 2009 decreased by almost 40% , while in 2004-2009 , rare earth export quotas of 66,000 tons , 66,000 tons , 62,000 tons , 60,000 tons , 47,000 tons , 50,000 tons , the annual amount did not exceed the 10% decrease .

"Foreign mainly aimed at China's quota system , which is not enough to use the problem is for this matter is reasonable . " Baotou a rare corporate executives interview with this reporter , said that earth is just " the beginning , "the lawsuit defeated, will involve numerous resources sector .

The parties, of rare earth quotas actually originated in the year of entry agreement , some of the rare element was not added attention and was not included in the scope of protection included in the negotiations , the Chinese did not realize at that time , and later found out, to come up with a quotas.

In fact, in some specific cases, WTO rules allow members to conduct export control , in which one out of non-renewable natural resources protection. But Europe and the United States put forward , if indeed out of this consideration , China 's restrictive measures should also be applied to China 's domestic production.

Multi- channel display , WTO has basically endorsed the idea of ​​America, Europe , and to notify the relevant national judge issued a tentative , finds a violation of 2001 China joined the WTO agreement commitments.

In the eyes of domestic rare earth enterprises , so that the results may not be an accident. "Even if you can appeal , but also a formality , there is not much practical significance. "These rare earth business people said.

Foregoing authorities also revealed that at present , government departments have already started discussions , but " even if unsuccessful , would not immediately abolish the quota ."

It is reported that the equivalent of first instance verdict WTO panel report in mid-November release , countries if satisfied with the ruling may apply to the WTO High Commission of Appeal.


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India October 30, 2013 report, the strongest storm in 14 years hit the Indian Phailin postpone the Indian producer of rare earth development plan , the plan helps to limit exports of rare earths in China even after ensuring global supply .

Indian Rare Earth Limited chairman and executive director of Patras in an interview with reporters , said the company in the eastern Indian state of Orissa factory and its surrounding area was October 12 landing Phailin storm hit, badly damaged . Delivery of 5,000 tons of rare earth oxides in February next year will be postponed , a full postponed four months.

After China , India is following increased supply of rare earth , Chinese exports of rare earths to meet the needs of more than 90% . For the protection of resources and the environment , China started from 2007 rare earth export quota management . India plans to postpone rare earth production , the impact of the Toyota Group, a subsidiary of Toyota Tsusho Corporation 's rare earth supply . Defense equipment , wind turbines , hybrid cars , color flat-panel TVs , smart phones and so need 17 of a group of chemically similar elements - earth to produce. India more emphasis on renewable energy power , high-tech flat-screen TV and telephone needs, the more dependent on rare earth production . Toyota Tsusho Corporation to supply rare earths is stipulated in the agreement between the two governments content. Just start production in India on rare earth exports to Japan .

Restrictions against China rare earth shipments , U.S. , EU and Japan in March last year complained to the WTO China .


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Baotou Steel Rare Earth 31 in its official website announced , quoted prices of rare earth oxides , which , neodymium oxide, praseodymium 370,000 / ton, praseodymium oxide 600,000 / ton, neodymium oxide 350,000 / ton, europium oxide 5 million / ton.

According to the reporter , the Baotou Steel Rare earth oxide publicly listed prices are higher than the current market price. Currently, the market price of neodymium oxide, praseodymium is 33 million / ton, praseodymium oxide was 560,000 / ton, neodymium oxide is 32-33 million / ton, europium oxide was 4.8 million / ton.

Rare analyst Du Shuai Bing said publicly listed Baotou Steel Rare earth oxide price , meaning earth started purchasing and storage . By convention , the general first corporate purchasing and storage , and then the state purchasing and storage . However, purchasing and storage price may change once a month last year, Baotou Steel Rare Earth twice within a listed price movements . But in general , the state purchasing and storage price will be higher than enterprise storage price . At present , although not an official state purchasing and storage of documents issued, but no later than December of this year should be a formal purchasing and storage news.

Concern tens of billions of state purchasing and storage plan in October the news recently launched frequent . According to sources , this is mainly for large-scale purchasing and storage of rare earth rare earth enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises , purchasing and storage products 4000 tons neodymium oxide, praseodymium oxide, praseodymium , neodymium oxide, each 500 tons , 1200 tons of dysprosium oxide , or 1,500 tons , erbium oxide 300 tons , also plans Shouchu europium oxide, terbium each 500 tons , 2500 tons of yttrium oxide or 2000 tons , and lutetium oxide , a total of 10,000 tons or more , and the country will be slightly higher than recent market prices purchasing and storage .


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October 31 rare earth products price quotes

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World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement mechanism panel 's interim report completed last week ruled that the support of the U.S. , Japan and the EU against Chinese rare earth export restrictions policy violations aspirations. This means that China 's rare earth in concern on the case could end up losing .

Newspaper on October 28 learned from reliable sources , the group 's interim report on the rare earth dispute (Interimreport) has been distributed to parties to the dispute , the report is not currently open . The final report may be 6-8 weeks after the formal public .

The case took more than a year and half . United States, Japan and Europe in March 2012 Tripartite has brought to the WTO trade dispute claims that the Chinese for 17 kinds of rare earths and tungsten and molybdenum export quotas and export duties and other restrictive measures imposed . After bilateral consultations failed to elicit solutions. September 2012 , established by the WTO Director-General panel to adjudicate .

In accordance with the dispute settlement procedures , the group will be in two weeks time another open meeting with the parties , review the aforementioned interim report. If China dissatisfied with the Panel report , still have the right to appeal to the WTO Appellate Body .

Rare case is Japan's first directly against China in the WTO dispute settlement demands put forward . Rare is called " industrial gold", in the high tech industry is indispensable. Japan is a big demand for rare earths , rare earths in China has been seeking alternative sources of supply .

Europe and Japan and China on the issue of differences in the rare earth have been carried out for several years. China has always insisted that the excessive production of rare earth will cause damage to the environment , hinder the sustainable development of rare earth industry .

In certain cases, WTO rules allow member states export controls , one of which is out of non-renewable natural resources protection. But Europe and the United States suggested that if indeed out of this consideration , both inside and outside China 's restrictive measures should be treated equally, also applied to China 's domestic production.

Similar offensive also appears in the case of export of raw materials , which is to promote the United States and Japan jointly proposed tripartite background of one of the rare-earth litigation . WTO ruling in 2011 by the end of China's bauxite, coke , magnesium and other 9 kinds of restrictions on exports of raw materials policy violates WTO rules .

The dispute resolution by the European Union , the United States and Mexico presented . An EU official told the newspaper that since this ruling , " the establishment of a legal precedent for future cases can be specified direction ."

The Chinese side has repeatedly stated that the above minerals export controls for environmental reasons . WTO Panel Report that China is only export restrictions , without taking measures to limit the use of these materials and their industries , whether short-term or long-term will not be able to export quotas and tariffs proved to reduce environmental pollution.

"The two lawsuits highly relevant ", located in Brussels, the international political and economic center (ECIPE) Director Frederick Eriksson (Fredrik Erixon) also believes that the raw materials ruling gave Europe the confidence to make them I believe the WTO rare earths policy will also help to make Europe 's ruling.

Professionals in China had also expressed pessimism . According to reports, the Chinese Rare Earth Society and other professional bodies stakeholders in mid-August , Jiangxi Ganzhou Rare Earth conference that ( rare cases ) a greater chance of losing China , Chinese rare earth export policy faces major changes.

The report said , Ganzhou Rare Earth conference shortly before the Chinese Society of Rare Earths relevant agencies should be required to provide to the WTO once material . Experts said that the abolition of export quotas may impact assessment has begun . The outcome may be losing China rare earth quotas cancellation policy , open the supply of rare earths , the government can not constrain the export business behavior .


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After years of state governance, the degree of concentration legitimate field of rare earth has been significantly improved , China's supply of rare earth have become legitimate shrink year by year trend, so we think it would continue to focus on the future core of rare-earth policy against illegal rare earth and the formation of a large group , then the industry fundamentals expected situation improves , rare earth prices will rise so full recovery , corporate earnings will bottom out .

1 . Introduction

Magnetic material is very versatile and functional materials steeped in history , its basic component is made of iron , cobalt , nickel, three kinds of ferromagnetic elements. As early as 3000 years ago , the ancient Chinese invented it out with a magnet ; while modern life, magnetic materials are used in many fields, such as motors, transformers, memory, etc. . Permanent magnetic materials and soft by nature into two categories , the former mainly ferrite and rare earth alloys , which are mainly soft ferrite materials.

In recent years , the global production of magnetic materials as well as relying on electronic technology and the rapid development of environmental technology drastic growth. 2006 to 2012 , the global production of permanent magnetic materials and soft magnetic materials at a CAGR of 9% and 19%. The Chinese production of magnetic materials has been ranked first in the world . 2012 , China's output of about 600,000 tons permanent magnet materials , accounting for 75% of the global market capacity ; production of soft magnetic materials is about 370,000 tons , accounting for about 70% of the global market capacity . With the new materials "Twelfth Five-Year Plan " in the magnetic material to give development planning, as well as the state will vigorously support emerging industries such as policy background, combined with the current low-carbon and green economy, sustainable development , magnetic materials industry structure will appear sexual adjust and take off the whole industry chain linkage .

2 . Permanent magnet materials opportunities and challenges

2.1 Introduction
permanent magnet materials
Magnetic materials , also known as hard magnetic material , is a broad hysteresis loop , high coercivity , high remanence , once the magnetization is able to maintain a constant magnetic material . Permanent magnet materials can be divided into : ① alloy permanent magnet materials, including rare earth permanent magnet materials , SmCo, alnico ; ② ferrite permanent magnet material . Including rare earth permanent magnet materials and can be divided into: the first generation of permanent magnets ( SmCo 1:5 type alloy ) , the second generation of permanent magnets ( 2:17 samarium -cobalt alloy ) , and the third generation of rare earth permanent magnet alloy ( NdFeB alloy ) . As science and technology updates faster and faster replacement , permanent magnet materials applications as performance is being improved constantly expanding .

2.2 energy saving spawned increased demand for rare earth permanent magnet materials

With the " Kyoto Protocol" entry into force , the world of increasing environmental awareness , coupled with China is accelerating the pace of construction of a conservation -oriented society , resulting in the demand for rare earth permanent magnet materials will become very strong , according to the Chinese Society of Rare Earths forecasts, 2015 world's rare earth demand will reach 21 million tons, average annual growth rate will reach more than 8% . And in the rare earth permanent magnet materials most noteworthy is NdFeB magnetic materials . As excellent magnetic NdFeB and known as " Magneto " and is widely used for new energy vehicles , energy-saving elevator , wind motor , inverter air conditioner , EPS, mobile phones and other fields, but will face even greater opportunities.

2.4 Ferrite supply and demand would stabilize

Permanent ferrite magnets with uniaxial anisotropy is a hexagonal structure of the compounds . Ferrite magnet having a homosexual and heterosexual magnetism of the points, according to the production process can be divided into sintered ferrite magnet and bonded ferrite . Ferrite material in the outside world after the disappearance of the magnetizing field , still retains a strong long time constant remanence properties , can be used to generate the external space Steady magnetic field.

The application areas of permanent ferrite mainly concentrated in the low-end markets, such as FB4 products rarely applied in the high-end market , but as a substitute for NdFeB magnets , the future market capacity there is much room for improvement . According to the Ministry of Information Industry forecasts based on data show that in 2012 China's demand for permanent ferrite is 741,200 tons , is expected to 2015 , China's various industries for permanent ferrite total demand will reach 86.45 tons , the annual compound growth rate of 24%.

Ferrite stage downstream demand more for the automotive industry, computing and industry, toy industry , household appliances and electro-acoustic industry , and with the Chinese auto industry to thrive in recent years , the rapid development of the computer industry and the state of the appliance under Township policy subsidies and other favorable factors have stimulated the demand for permanent ferrite rapidly expanding . So the next few years , the domestic market of the magnetics are good prospects .

The supply side , the current permanent ferrite main producing countries including China , the United States and Japan . But as environmental awareness and environmental needs of the expansion and the production costs increase, production began declining in developed countries and is mainly concentrated in the high-end products. While the production of low-end permanent ferrite body has shifted to China . 2005 production of ferrite is 35 million tons, accounting for about 50% of global production ; 2012 permanent ferrite worldwide production of about 980,000 tons , while China's output of 65 million tons, and the expected future two years of hard ferrite yield compound annual growth rate will reach 13 %, the overall growth in a stable range.

At present, China 's production capacity of the industry is still very low concentration , the top five companies in the market share of only about 30%. Most companies also are in the small scale production of small case . Magnetic materials and devices according to the National Industry Association released information indicating that China's current number of permanent ferrite is about more than 200 enterprises , of which 1,000 tons annual output of 75% ; 1,000-3,000 tons annual output of enterprises accounted for 15 percent ; production in the 3,000-5,000 tons of the total number of firms in the industry for 7% of the number of enterprises ; annual production capacity of more than ten thousand tons level only a few companies , accounting for about 3% of the total .

In such circumstances, permanent ferrite industry will usher in a good season. Shift from a fully competitive industry is monopolistic competition , industry concentration will be improved. By then , mergers, expansion, new will become a trend in the industry . Therefore, we believe ferrite overall industry will enter a stage of industry consolidation . Although China's annual production is consistent with the annual demand , but because of the demand for downstream enterprises is gradually increased, and growing faster than the supply rate , plus expensive NdFeB permanent ferrite is the optimal alternative to seeking future greater than the supply situation is likely to occur .

3 . Soft ferrite materials demand potential

3.1 Introduction
soft ferrite materials
Soft magnetic material , refers to the remanence and coercivity are very small ferromagnetic material , such as silicon , iron , etc., which is characterized by easy magnetization are susceptible to demagnetization , it is widely used in electrical and electronic equipment , such as 4G devices, network devices, and display assembly areas . Currently the application of soft magnetic materials with soft ferrite majority, by purpose and materials can be divided into four categories: ① MnZn power ferrite materials ; ② communication and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) with high permeability MnZn iron ferrite material ; ③ deflection coil MnZn ferrite materials ; ④ RF broadband and electronic interference (EMI) suppression of nickel zinc ferrite .

3.2 Future demand will increase ferrite

Present information industry development faster and faster, and has become an important pillar of the world economy industries, so as an important foundation for the information industry functional material ferrite has become the world's new materials industry an important part , but soft magnetic ferrite materials demand is bound to continue to increase. According to China Association of magnetic materials and devices industry forecasts , in 2012 our ferrite materials market demand will reach 430,000 tons , accounting for 70% of total world demand . So soft ferrite materials will face new historic opportunity.

Gradually increase the intensity of rare earth industry consolidation

As the worldwide total reserves of rare earth resources, 100 million tons of industrial , China accounted for 36% of world reserves , is 3,600 tons ; 2012 global NdFeB production was 9-11 million tons, while China's output to reach 8-9 million tons, total output of other countries, only 1-2 million tons. Therefore, China is the largest producer of permanent magnet materials , including rare earth production, exports and consumption volume ranked first in the world . In other words , the global annual consumption of about 10 tons of rare earth is mainly relying on our supply .

In fact, China 's rare earth extraction annual targets set limits , but a few years ago and not well executed. The reason is that a long time, in the eyes of the developed countries is deemed to be national strategic resources and rare earth protection measures , the United States, 2011 U.S. rare earth reserves of 1,300 million tons, but production has only zeros. The rare earth resources in China is being used as a tool for foreign exchange . Therefore, driven by economic interests ,2005- 2009 five-year period , China's rare earth production for more than 100,000 tons , of which 2008 production of rare earth is as high as 124,800 tons . Exports rose at the same time also led to over-exploitation of rare earth in China , based on reserves of a significant slowdown .

The government cracked down hard on illegal rare earth out of private mines, especially in Ganzhou Rare Earth private mining crackdown , resulting in recent rare earth prices rebounded sharply incentives. Praseodymium, neodymium rare species like the price rose to varying degrees . Among them, praseodymium oxide from the mid-year 371,000 yuan / ton, up from the current 570,000 yuan / ton, or more than 50%. After many years of both national governance, the degree of concentration legitimate field of rare earth has been significantly improved , China's supply of rare earth have become legitimate shrink year by year trend, so we think it would continue to focus on the future core of rare-earth policy against illegal rare earth and the formation of large groups , the basic industry expected to face the situation improves , rare earth prices will rise so full recovery , corporate earnings will bottom out .


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It is known to today's manufacturers and traders offer situation, the rare earth market is still not very good . Press Ganzhou some suppliers to offer perspective with a ticket price of neodymium oxide, praseodymium 320,000 yuan / ton, with listed price difference 50,000 yuan / ton.

Praseodymium oxide market, according to Ganzhou region reflect a supplier of grass Shen praseodymia offer is still 580,000 yuan / ton, but the market will have a slightly lower price supply, with no votes in the 540,000 yuan / ton.

Current market price of neodymium oxide in the 32-34 yuan / ton, europium oxide with ticket prices at 4.7 million yuan / ton , the market demand is not good , vendors offer basically stable or slightly lower .

Praseodymium neodymium metal market today, Ganzhou region quotations from suppliers at 41 yuan / ton, there are quotes from suppliers in Zhejiang province in the 420,000 yuan / ton. A few days ago the price continued to fall than 10,000 yuan / ton.

Dysprosium products market , there are vendors of external feedback current quoted price of dysprosium oxide at 175 yuan / ton or so, dysprosium iron with a ticket price of 1.78 million yuan / ton. Meanwhile, the business also reflect the current market instability, poor pricing , there are some on the market at lower supply availability .


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This rare earth market continued weak demand in the doldrums making factory shipments increased willingness , neodymium , praseodymium , neodymium, gadolinium and other species continues to weaken .

Praseodymium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 560,000-580,000 yuan / ton. Neodymium oxide 340,000-350,000 yuan / ton.

Dysprosium oxide mainstream manufacturers incl 180-190 yuan / ton, dysprosium iron mainstream manufacturers tax price 190-200 yuan / ton.

Lanthanum oxide manufacturers tax price 26,000-27,000 yuan / ton. Cerium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 25,000-27,000 yuan / ton.

Neodymium oxide, praseodymium mainstream manufacturers tax price 325,000-335,000 yuan / ton , praseodymium neodymium metal mainstream manufacturers tax price 425,000-435,000 yuan / ton.

Europium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 4,700-4,900 yuan / kg . Terbium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 3,700-3,900 yuan / kg .


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In 1992, Deng Xiaoping mentioned Southern Talk "The Middle East has oil , China has rare earths " , unfortunately, is known as the "21st century strategic element" , the value of rare earth comparable to petroleum , but failed to bring to China corresponding wealth. For a long time , we have to " Biluo Bo , pork cheaper " price to the world supply of rare earths, with 36 percent of the world's rare earth reserves to meet the needs of 97% of the benefit of the world , but by themselves under enormous waste of resources and environmental costs . Today, the Chinese do not want to do it again losers , eating Western Diao mouth is not promised !

Chinese Rare Earth "cabbage price" become history :

According to British sources as saying that the World Trade Organization (WTO) has ruled that China 's rare earth export restrictions incompatible with the rules of the organization . And as early as the weekend , the Japanese also called , WTO Dispute Settlement Body 's interim report summarizes the general United States and Europe finds reasonable demands , and advised " Chinese rectify misconduct ." WTO is expected to be the final report issued in late November . If true, this would be the use of export quotas and tariffs on Chinese industrial policy as a tool for the practice of the second was " successfully challenged ."

Prior to 2009 , the U.S. and the EU to the WTO , accusing China 's bauxite , coke, fluorspar , magnesium, manganese , silicon metal , silicon carbide, yellow phosphorus and zinc and other 9 kinds of raw materials to export quotas and export tariffs, price as well as the number of control , in violation of China 's 2001 accession to the WTO commitments , resulting in other countries in the steel, aluminum and other chemical products production and exports at a disadvantage. January 30, 2012 , WTO ruling : China implemented a variety of industrial raw materials export taxes and quotas violated WTO rules and dismissed the Chinese environmental protection or supply shortages based on the preliminary ruling request an appeal . This makes Europe and the United States , " jumping " , leaving the industry worried about China's rare earth policy , because in this area China also adopted a quota system .

Sure enough, the next June 27, 2012 , Japan, the U.S., the EU tripartite prosecuted to the WTO dispute settlement body , said China's rare earth exists " undue restrictions on exports of rare earths " issue, contrary to the original promises it made when China joined the WTO . As early as 2010, China has gradually reduced for several consecutive years rare earth export quotas to try to encourage the processing of these metals in the country completed . 2010 rare earth export quotas for the second half plummeted comes as a Chinese fishing boat in disputed waters collided with Japanese patrol boats , China was accused of an embargo on Japan , resulting in a rare earth supply shortage pushed up sharply the price. This also let the world know to China in the field of rare earths "rule" position.

"rare earth " is the 17 kinds of metal collectively. Rare earth is an important strategic resource in the 21st century , today's world, every six invention of new technologies , there is an inseparable rare earths. Rare are industrial " vitamin " said , because of its excellent optical and electromagnetic physical characteristics, can be composed of different properties with other materials , a wide variety of new material, its most notable feature is the substantial increase in the quality of other products and performance , are widely used in high-tech and military applications.

China is by far the world's biggest producer of rare earth reserves accounted for more than half the world's total reserves . For a long time , the lack of long-term strategic vision of development , the domestic rare earth enterprises disorderly vicious competition, lower prices , disorderly development intensified , internal causes huge waste of resources and ecological destruction , foreign dumping and rare is the loss of pricing power . Some analysts said that , at the current rate of development , another two or three decades , China will become a small country and even the non- rare earth rare earth countries. At the same time , over the years , the United States , Japan and other Western countries, purchased from China Rare Earth , except for the production , but also a large hoard in their warehouse, for future use.

Rare is the strategic importance of non-renewable resources to strengthen controls on the export of rare earth helps us to protect the environment, promote industrial restructuring, and promote the healthy development of rare earth industry . China is fully entitled to limit strategic resource or cause serious pollution so rare , energy-intensive exports. Export quota of rare earth mining and processing for the suppression caused environmental damage is also necessary.


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Sources said that United States and Europe for the World Trade Organization (WTO) against China 's rare earth export restrictions of trade disputes , WTO ruled that China has initially rare earth export restrictions incompatible with the rules of the organization , which is China's use of export quotas and tariffs on industrial policy as the second tool approach was successfully challenged .

Presented to the countries concerned WTO interim report and listen to China and other countries in the comments on the report , summary of the final report , scheduled to be announced later this year . Generally speaking the contents of the interim report will be basically reflected in the final report. Panel hearing the equivalent of " first instance " China may be responsible for the WTO Appellate Body of Final Appeal. WTO has not yet made a formal decision , also declined to comment.

2010 took place in the waters near the Diaoyu Islands collision incident, as sanctions against Japan , China limits exports of rare earths . After the United States, Japan and the European Union jointly to the WTO about China rare earth export management , tungsten and molybdenum request for consultations , highlighting China's control of rare earths in international trade . Rare earth is widely used in high-tech and military fields.

Chinese Ministry of Commerce, Industry Analyst Mei Xinyu said that China is likely to appeal. China reserves the right to limit strategic resources , or high pollution, high energy exports, such as rare earths.

In the 1990s, China 's WTO accession negotiation, the focus of the negotiations is that the removal of trade barriers , allowing overseas products in the Chinese market competition. Since then China to adjust export tax on different products and export quotas , to encourage or restrict domestic production capacity expansion. These measures have made ​​some products in China, prices are lower than the international market price.

In 2011, the United States , the European Union and Mexico against China on the implementation of various industrial raw materials export quotas appeal WTO, and successful examples for these countries to challenge China's rare earth export policy began.

China believes that the export quota of rare earth mining and processing for the suppression caused environmental damage is necessary. But in limiting exports, while China has encouraged domestic rare earth processing industry expansion, which led to WTO rejected China 's claims.


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