Tungsten-copper or molybdenum-copper alloys are composites consisting of two-phase mixtures that neither dissolve with each other nor form intermetallic compounds. Tungsten and copper have good arc erosion resistance, weldability, high strength and high hardness. They are widely used in electronic, electrical, military equipment, aviation, aerospace and other new technology fields.

In the early 1990s, GaN-based blue and purple light emitting diodes (LEDs) were first developed by Nichia Company in Japan, which made it possible for full-color LED display and semiconductor lighting. White LED has many advantages, such as all solid, cold light source, long life, small size, high light efficiency, good weather resistance and no mercury pollution. It has been widely used in lighting, display, automobile and other fields.

As the fifth generation fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) not only has the general advantages of fuel cell, but also has the outstanding advantages of high energy conversion, low temperature start-up, no leakage of electrolytic cell, no corrosion, long life and high specific power. Therefore, the research of PEMFC has become the mainstream of all kinds of fuel cell research.

Tungsten disulfide is a typical layered transition metal disulfide with van der Waals force interaction between layers. Nanostructured WS₂ can be used in solar cells and field-effect transistors because of its enhanced catalytic performance, excellent optical conductivity and excellent friction properties.