The tungsten-titanium (WTi) alloy as the copper wiring diffusion barrier sputtering target has strict requirements on the grain size of the internal structure. For the target of the same composition, the finer and uniform crystal grains, the faster the sputtering rate, the sputter deposition, the better uniformity of film thickness. Studies have shown that the smaller the grain size, the better the properties of the film produced. Therefore, controlling the grain size of the tungsten-titanium alloy target is one of the key factors for obtaining an excellent film.

In commerce, phosphotungstic acid is mainly used as catalyst in the homogeneous reaction of tetrahydrofuran to prepare polytetramethylenediol. Normally, the higher the acidity of the phosphotungstic acid catalyst used, the higher its activity, especially the phosphotungstic acid with Keggins structure is most recognized.

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) are the main pollutants causing acid rain and photochemical smog. Their emissions mainly come from fixed sources such as coal-fired boilers, industrial furnaces and mobile sources such as motor vehicle exhaust. With the strengthening of China's environmental protection policy, emission reduction standards are constantly improving and economic operation.

Tungsten-based oxide electrochromic film is a phenomenon in which the optical properties of materials change reversibly under the action of applied electric field. It can be applied to building intelligent windows, automotive anti-glare rearview mirrors, display devices and other fields. As a stable non-stoichiometric tungsten oxide, W₁₈O₄₉ can synthesize a variety of microstructures by various wet chemical methods, showing excellent performance in electrochromic, sensor and other fields.