Vegetables in the filed withered one after another, some turned yellow and some became spotted. Guangming Road, Shenzhen, within 1000 meters radium of the area, all vegetable fields are almost the same, Ms Huang complained, she doubted the soil or the water must has been contaminated. The water used for irrigation is from Jingkou reservoir, residents nearby allege that the chief culprit is the illegal rare earth extractors beside the reservoir.  

On March 4^th, beneath the mountain foot of Jingkou Reservoir, Ms. Huang and other residents found a temporary work shed, and a extracting poll covered with bamboo and thatch, a dozen of men run away as they saw them.  　　　　

Residents at once confirmed that they were extracting rare earth illegally, white precipitate is at the bottom of the pools, red fluid flew out from gutter, and down to the reservoir.

Reporter brought same soil and water sample to Shenzhen University, and evidence proved that it was rare earth abstraction that causes the withering of the vegetables.

Doctor Wen of Shenzhen University told reporter that illegal abstraction itself is non-toxic but mineral acid can be produced during the process, as the acid accumulate to certain amount in the water, vegetables if irrigated with the acid water will soon wither.

Illegal abstraction of rare earth is prohibited by government, for faulty operation will cause great damage to environment.

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Ytterbium (Yb, atomic number 70) – Marignac discovered a new component in the earth then known as erbia in 1878 which he called ytterbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now knows as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium (discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach). Ytterbium occurs along with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. The element was first prepared by Klemm and Bonner in 1937 by reducing ytterbium tri-chloride with potassium. Their metal was mixed, however, with KCI. Daane, Dennison and Spedding prepared a much purer form in 1953 from which the chemical and physical properties of the element could be determined. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand which contains about 0.03%. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare earths from one another. Ytterbium is a silvery and lustrous metal that is very soft and reacts very rapidly with oxygen. Even though the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air to moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium is the least abundant amongst the rare earths. Its chemistry is the least understood therefore it is not used often.

                  

Ytterbium has some possible uses, they are as follows:
Ytterbium metal may be used in improving the grain refinement, strength and other mechanical properties of stainless steel.
Electronic uses due to the properties of the metals change.
Measure of pressure within nuclear explosions.
Metallurgy


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Thulium (Tm, atomic number 69) was discovered in 1879 by Cleve Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold or calcium. Thulium is very difficult to separate from the other elements because it is so similar in size. It can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of a closed container. The element is silver/grey, soft, malleable and ductile. It can be cut with a knife. Due to the difficulty to separate it is very expensive and is not used often. It has a +2 and +3 oxidation state. Chemists are beginning to find uses for it and uses should increase in years to come. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low to moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care.

                 

The few known uses for Thulium are as follows:
169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable X-ray equipment.
171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source.
Natural thulium also has possible use in ferries (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment and it can be used in for doping fiber lasers.


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Terbium (Tb, atomic number 65) was discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is found in cerite, gadolinite and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is also recovered from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime and from euxnite (a complex oxide containing 1% more of terbia). Terbium has been isolated only in recent years with the development of ion exchange techniques for separating the rare earth elements. As with other rare earth metals; terbium can be produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal in a tatalum crucible. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum re-melting. Other methods of isolation are also possible. Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver grey metal which is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist with a transformation temperature of 1289 degrees Celsius. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color.

                  

Some known uses of Terbium are as follows:
Solid state devices use sodium terbium borate.
The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color television tubes.
In combination with Zr02 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperatures.


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Lutetium (Lu, atomic number 71) – In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium) and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium”, independently discovered at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003% which is commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. 176Lu occurs naturally (2.6%) with 175 Lu (97.4%). It is radioactive with a half-life of about 3 x 10 10 years.

                  

Some known uses for Lutetium are as follows:
Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in crackling, alkylation, hydrogenation and polymerization.
Single crystal scintillators


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Holmium (Ho, atomic number 67).The special absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announce the existence of an “Element X”. Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is name is therefore name after Cleve’s native city. Holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite and in other rare earth minerals. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, it is able to stay dry in room temperature, but it rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. Holmium metal has unusual magnetic properties. It has the highest magnetic moment of any known element in the periodic table. It has the greatest number of impaired electrons and impaired electrons are what give rise to magnetism. Therefore, Holmium has many uses in magnetic materials. Very few other uses have been found for the element. Like some other rare earths Holmium seems to have a low acute toxic rating.

                  

Some known uses for Holmium are as follows:
Magnets
Ceramics
Lasers


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Gadolinium (Gd, atomic number 64) rare earth metal is obtained from the mineral gadolinite. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Merignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated it from Mosasander’s yttria in 1886. Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and the prices of gadolinium and the other rare earth metals have greatly improved. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. Gadolinium is silvery white, has a metallic luster and is malleable and ductile (like other related rare earth metals). At room temperature gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close packed alpha form. Upon heating to 1235 degrees Celsius, alpha gadolinium transforms into the beta form (which has a body centered cubic structure). The metal is relatively stable in dry air but tarnishes in moist air. It forms a loosely adhering oxide film which falls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid. Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49,000 barns).

                  

Some known uses for Gadolinium are as follows:
MRI tests- gadolinium changes the way water molecules react in your body when scanned allowing the contrast between healthy and non healthy tissue to be seen.
Microwaves- gadolinium yttrium garnets are used in microwave applications.
Color Television_ gadolinium compounds are used as phosphors in color televisions.
The unusual superconductive properties improve the workability and resistance of iron and chromium and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation (as little as 1% gadolinium is needed).
Duplicating performance of amplifiers such as the maser- gadolinium ethyl sulfate ahs extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance.
Magnetic component that can sense hot and cold- gadolinium metal is ferromagnetic. It is unique for its high magnetic movement and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying at room temperature. Therefore it can be used as a magnetic component that can sense hot and cold.


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Europium (Eu, atomic number 63) was discovered in the form of spectral lines that were not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium concentrates in 1890 by Boisbaudran. The official discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu203 with a 10% excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery white metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible. As with other rare earth metals (with the exception of lanthanum), europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180 degrees Celsius. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare earth metals, it quickly oxidizes in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction to water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium. Europium has been identified spectroscopy in the sun and certain stars.

                  

Some known uses for Europium are as follows:
Television screens- europium oxide is now widely used as a phosphor activator and europium activated yttrium vanadate.
Laser material- europium doped plastic is used as laser material.
Ceramics
Nuclear applications.


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Erbium (Er, atomic number 68) is found in minerals that dysprosium is found in (xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and blomstrandine). In 1842, Mosander separated “yttria”, found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions. He called these three fractions: yttria, erbia and terbia. After 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as: erbia, Scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonable pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare earth metals, it’s properties depend, to a certain extent, on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other metals.

                  

Some known uses for erbium are as follows:
A photographic filter and a nuclear poison – it will kill any nuclear fission process. Compounds of it are often pink when dissolved in solution.
Amplifier of light (optical fibers) used to transmit signals for the internet.
Erbium tri-chloride is used in jewelry and sunglasses.
Erbium salts are used in welding goggles in conjunction with other rare earths.


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Dysprosium (Dy, atomic number 66) was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. The oxide and metal wasn’t available in relative pure form until 1950 when development of ion exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques were created by Spedding and associates. Dysprosium occurs along with other rare earths in a variety of minerals such as: xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and blomstrandine. Monazite and bastnasite are the most important sources. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The metal is a metallic bright silver luster. Dysprosium is relatively stable in air temperature and is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids to evolve hydrogen. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. Dysprosium is very reactive and therefore is stored in foil. Its thermal neutron absorption cross section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications for alloying with special stainless steels.

                   

Some known uses for Dysprosium are as follows:
Strong, Permanent Magnets- dysprosium along with neodymium is used in the production of the world’s strongest permanent magnets. The magnets have high magnetic strength but lower weight. Such magnets are used in electronic motors to produce higher power and torque with much lower size and weight.
Hybrid/Electric Vehicles use these magnets.
Miniaturization of hard disk drives and many electronic devises also use these magnets.
Nuclear fuel rods- due to its ability to capture neutrons. It modulates how hot a nuclear reaction is getting. It is used in power stations to prevent nuclear reactions from getting out of control.
If mixed with cadmium and sulfur it can be used in devices that use infrared. Chemists use infrared quite often, when a sample/compound is radiated with infrared absorbance will occur. This is specific to stretching or bending. It is a way of scanning molecules and getting information about their composition and structure.
A dysprosium oxide-nickel cement can be used in cooling nuclear reactor rods. The cement absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment.
Laser materials-in combination with other rare earths and vanadium, dysprosium has been used for laser materials.


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