Tungsten, once thought to be an environmentally friendly metal, may not be as safe as believed, researchers said. Today, we will talk about tungsten safety.

Tungsten is widely used in products ranging from bullets to light bulbs to jewellery. Scientists strongly held that tungsten is relatively insoluble in water and nontoxic.
In mid-1990s, the U.S. military adopts the so-called green bullets that contain tungsten as a more environmentally friendly substitude to lead-based ammunition.

While, new studies have shown that tungsten, which is also used in welding, metal cutting, is not as safe as thought. For example, exposure to tungsten would stunt the growth of plants, cause

reproductive problems in earthworms and trigger premature death in certain aquatic animals.
Both the U.S. Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency have classfied tungsten as an emerging contaminant.
Although scientists think that tungsten seems less toxic, they do not know its exact healthy and environmental effects.
Whether or not tungsten would cause chronic health effects in human and our mechanism, it needs further study.
All information are about tungsten safety.

 

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We’ve talked about tungsten in China. Today, we will discuss tungsten in the world.

Compared to “glittering matter”, such as gold, steel-gray to tin-white colored tungsten invokes little enthusiasm amongst resource investors. While tungsten chemical properties contribute to the diversity of tungsten applications.

Unlike many other metals, there are no significant substitutes for tungsten. Substitutes that do exist has considerable cost increase and compromise of product performance. The closest substitute, molybdenum, is even more expensive. So it is assumed that tungsten is unlikely to be replaced.

The world economy demands much of tungsten coming from industrial nations. Demand is particularly high from the US due to tungsten’s military and defense applications. US has no domestic tungsten source and is entirely dependent on imports.

China controls 65% of world tungsten reserves. Of the total estimated reserves of tungsten, Canada and Russia account for just 8% and 7% of tungsten reserve respectively. Due to its own tungsten reserves, Russia is to emerge as a reliable potential supplier. This makes Canadian tungsten companies particularly be attractive to the key US market and advanced stage projects.
All above are about tungsten in the world.

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Crankshaft is the part of an engine, which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation.

In the engine, It is a necessary to use the counterweights to keep the balance of the reciprocating motion of each piston and connecting rod, as the parts of crankshafts usually. Tungsten heavy alloy is certainly considered as the most appropriate crankshaft material for its properties.

Therefore, tungsten heavy alloy parts can be used as counterweight in machines and vessels as well as aircraft, ships, yachts, space shuttles and anywhere need much heavy but little space, the tungsten heavy alloy crankshaft is widely used in high-performance engines (automobile, racing car, motor, fan, diesel, truck, yacht, jet, fan etc.)

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Depleted uranium (DU) and heavy-metal tungsten alloys (HMTAs) are dense heavy-metals used primarily in military applications. Chemically similar to natural uranium, but depleted of the higher activity 235U and 234U isotopes, DU is a low specific activity, high-density heavy metal. In contrast, the non-radioactive HMTAs are composed of a mixture of tungsten (91-93%), nickel (3-5%), and cobalt (2-4%) particles. The use of DU and HMTAs in military munitions could result in their internalization in humans.

Limited data exist .however, regarding the long-term health effects of internalized DU and HMTAs in humans. Both DU and HMTAs possess a tumorigenic transforming potential and are genotoxic and mutagenic in vitro. Using insoluble DU-UO2 and a reconstituted mixture of tungsten, nickel, cobalt (rWNiCo), we tested their ability to induce stress genes in thirteen different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). The commercially available CAT-Tox (L) cellular assay consists of a panel of cell lines stably transfected with reporter genes consisting of a coding sequence for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) under transcriptional control by mammalian stress gene regulatory sequences. DU, (5-50 microg/ml) produced a complex profile of activity demonstrating significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA FOS, p53RE, Gadd153, Gadd45, NFkappaBRE, CRE, HSP70, RARE, and GRP78 promoters. The rWNiCo mixture (5-50 microg/ml) showed dose-related induction of the GSTYA, hMTIIA, p53RE, FOS, NFkappaBRE, HSP70, and CRE promoters.

An examination of the pure metals, tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co), comprising the rWNiCo mixture, demonstrated that each metal exhibited a similar pattern of gene induction, but at a significantly decreased magnitude than that of the rWNiCo mixture. These data showed a synergistic activation of gene expression by the metals in the rWNiCo mixture.

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