Manufacturers use gold -- a versatile and durable precious metal -- to produce various products, including writing instruments; such as pencils or pens, eyeglass frames, hollow-ware, jewelry and flatware. Gold plated and gold overlay products, which contain both gold and base metals -- such as nickel, copper or zinc -- allow consumers access to products with aesthetic virtues of gold, but without the expense. Despite a common relationship to gold, gold plated and gold overlay differ greatly.

Federal identification standards for gold-plated and gold-overlay products are based on the process and materials used during manufacturing. Gold-plating involves the application of gold alloy or gold to non-precious metals; such as copper, zinc, and nickel, using any suitable plating process to achieve even surface distribution of the gold materials. The gold layer must have a significant overall thickness equaling at least 20 millionths of an inch, which is based on the comparative thickness of half a micron of pure gold. In addition, karat designation must be at least 10 karats. Similarly, the gold alloy for gold-overlays must also be no less than 10 karats, but it is applied to the non-precious metal surface using mechanical plating methods; such as welding, brazing, and soldering. While the U.S. Federal Trade Commission does not define a minimum thickness, the gold alloy must account for no less than one-twentieth of the product's total weight.

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Vermeil (pronounced ver-MAY) is gold-plated silver produced by one of two processes: fire gilding or electrolysis. Fire gilding was banned in the 1800s, since the process produced mercury vapors that caused blindness. Modern vermeil is produced using electrolysis and must meet U.S. Federal Trade Commission regulations (sterling silver coated or plated with a minimum of two and one half microns of not less than 10 karat gold) to be considered genuine. A professional jeweler may use precision sanding, acids and other procedures to remove gold plating. Do-it-yourselfers can use a less-effective home method that employs careful manual cleaning using particular cleansers and refurbishing materials.

1.Use a mild abrasive pad or small natural bristle brush. Briskly rub the piece of jewelry to remove all the gold overlay. If necessary, apply a paste made of baking soda and water to the pad to slightly increase the abrasiveness. Depending upon the ornateness of the jewelry, the process may take a considerable period of time and not be completely successful in removing the gold from all the cracks and crevices.

A quarter of non-ferrous industrial efficiency or are zero growth.

ferrous metals industry profit growth or down next year.

Hunan Nonferrous Metals Industry targeted output of 400 billion yuan.

Non-ferrous metal industry profit growth next year or down.

Hunan and East China Nonferrous Metals Exploration Bureau contracted address.

Ferrous metal plate or in the fourth quarter rebound.

MIIT a quarter of non-ferrous metal production of 8.1 million tons,up by 9.3%.

World Nonferrous Metal Museum - Hunan Chenzhou Mining Park Shizhuyuan show articles.