Extrusion, which is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. Tungsten alloy material can be pushed or pulled through a die of the desired cross-section in extrusion process. The extrusion process may also increase the strength of tungsten alloy shielding.

The process begins by heating the stock material (for hot or warm extrusion). It is then loaded into the container under the press. A dummy block is placed behind it where the ram then presses on the material to push it out of the die. Afterward the extrusion is stretched in order to straighten it. If better properties are required then it may be heat treated. The extrusion ratio is defined as the starting cross-sectional area divided by the cross-sectional area of the final extrusion. Compared with forging, one of the main advantages of the extrusion process is that this ratio can be very large while still producing with quality. For the extrusion process, only one compression can cause extrusion ratio is about 60%~80%. In forging process, one compression cause extrusion ratio is no more than 20% ,otherwise the scrap rate will be greatly enhanced.

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Ammonium paratungstate (APT) is one of the materials for the preparation of lanthanum tungsten electrode, which is a kind of white crystalline salt. After World War II, there are literatures showing that the anion in (NH₄)₁₀(W₁₂O₄₁) ·5H₂O has been proved to be [H₂W₁₂O₄₂]¹⁰⁻, holding two hydrogen atoms inside the cage. Tungsten-oxygen cage, the focus of the anion, requires 42 oxygen molecules. Therefore, the correct formula expression for ammonium paratungstate is (NH₄)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂] ·4H₂O. On the contrary to the paratungstate A ion, whose anion is [W₇O₂₄]⁶⁻, the paratungstate B ion is [H₂W₁₂O₄₂]¹⁰⁻ ion, which is similar to the paramolybdate ion. However, the existence of the paratungstate A ion can’t be confirmed by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy.

Before 1930, there had been some argument about the exact composition of the salt, and someone had proposed the two structures at that time: (NH₄)₁₀W₁₂O₄₁ and (NH₄)₆W₇O₂₄. And O.W. Gibbs had said that” the alkali tungstate are unusually complex. Salts of essentially different formula is so close in composition ratio that the differences lie very near the unavoidable errors of analysis. The analysis is hardly sufficiently close to deciding the question on purely analytical grounds." 

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The minimum stable arc current comparison of cerium tungsten electrode and thorium tungsten electrode, as follows:

As can be drawn from the table:
When the diameter of electrode material is relatively large (=5.0mm), the minimum stable arc current (100A) is the same of the four kinds of electrodes, and with the decrease of diameter, cerium tungsten electrode arc performance improves, and it is better than thorium tungsten electrode’s.

 

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Ammonium paratungstate (APT) is one of the raw materials for preparing lanthanum tungsten electrode, the other two are three tungsten oxide and lanthanum acetate, which is a white crystalline compound, and there are two shapes, flaky and acicular.

Physical properties
Molecular weight: 283.9145
Molar mass: 3132.2g / mоl
Boiling point: 600 ℃
Shape: acicular white crystals, flaky white crystals white crystals
Solubility: slightly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. When the temperature is less than 20 ℃, its solubility (in water) is less than 2%; when the temperature rises to 220-280 ℃, ammonium paratungstate lose some crystal water and ammonia, converting to ammonium paratungstate (AMT); when the temperature rise up to 600 ℃, it will lose all ammonia and crystalline water, converts to WO₃ (yellow).

Application
It is mainly used for the preparation of WO₃ or metal W powder, and it can also be used to prepare AMT or the other tungsten compounds, electric vacuum material (tungsten wire, tungsten rod), tungsten carbide (tungsten carbide cutting tools, drills, dies, etc.), mechanical parts (wear resistance, high temperature resistance and compression resistance) or as an additive (in petrochemical industry).



 

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Tungsten trioxide is one of the materials for lanthanum tungsten electrode preparation, when using it for preparing electrodes, then you should pay attention to the following precautions:

(1) The presence of dust should be avoided.
(2) The process should be operated in a closed shop, and the local exhaust ventilation should be carried out to prevent dispersion of dust into the air in workshop.
(3) All relevant operating personnel must be trained specialized knowledge of tungsten trioxide, and ask them to strictly abide by the rules.
(4) All operators should wear rubber acid resistance suit, wearing self-absorption filter respirators, chemical safety goggles and rubber gloves and other protective equipment.
(5) The contact between tungsten trioxide and bromine pentfluoride or chlorine trifluoride should be avoided.
(6) Equipped with spill response equipment.
(7) Empty containers where may remain hazardous materials.
(8) Tungsten trioxide should be stored in cool and ventilated coffers and away from fire, heat and direct sunlight.
(9) Seal package, its storage should not mix with chlorine trifluoride or bromine pentfluoride.
(10) The storage area should have the right bucket to install spillage.

 

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Blind Killers tungsten dart rule is a really fun game designed to be played with 3 or more people. The more people playing the more fun it is. It is a great game to play when there are an odd number of people and everyone wants to play tungsten darts. This is also an excellent way to practice your out's for x01. This particular game is a game of memory, trust, luck, it is not a game to be played with strangers at the pub late at night (or for money).

The Object: To win Blind Killers you must simply be the last person on the scoreboard with a life left.

The Scoring: The names are place down the left side of the score board in any order. Generally, after the first game is played, the player who was knocked out first gets to throw first in the next game. For the first game, I usually do a closest to the bulls-eye with one tungsten dart each. Next to each name, three tally marks are placed to indicate the number of lives each player has left.

The Play: Play is identical to that of regular Killers except that no one knows what the other player’s numbers are! Please be sure to read the rules for Killers before continuing with this game.

The numbers 1 through 20 are written on slips of paper and placed in a hat. Each player takes a slip of paper and remembers the number on it. That number is that players number for the duration of the game. It is not necessary to throw your own double to become a killer (you'd only give away your number if you did.

This game obviously relies on honesty and memory. The player's must remember there number and watch carefully for other people to hit it. They must also remember how many lives they have left and step down when the third life is taken.

Variations of this game can be played to adjust to the players' level. You could use all triples for stronger players or require a double bull to become a killer. For weaker players, use the thin inner wedge of the number. On occasion, I have had several average players and one "I never picked up a tungsten dart before" kind of person (notice they always seem to win!?!) want to play. So what I do is set that the "new player" only has to hit the thin or thick single wedge to become a killer or kill while the rest of us have to hit doubles. With all the combinations available it's easy to balance the play to be fun for everyone.

Strategy: There is no strategy, this is a game of luck. The only hint is to try to watch your opponent faces and body language when you hit or get real close to a double, there might be the slightest reaction that can clue you if that number is owned.

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Variations of stances have been adopted over the years (see below). However the one we will be concentrate on is the throwing arms foot forward. This is to say if you are right handed and you intend to throw with you right hand, then you place your right foot forward to the oche line.

Early throwers would adopt a stance as shown in diagram No.1. Booth feet forward touching the oche line. It seemed to be frowned upon to lean forward or move along the oche line as we see regularly today. You may still see one or two social players using this form of stance but it doesn't help keep the upper body stable therefore very few people use it.

Best foot forward this is sometimes referred too. The lead foot here the right, would indicate a right handed thrower. This is a much better stance and gives more stability to the upper body.

The last diagram shows the lead foot adjacent to the oche line. This requires you to view the board side on twisting your body slightly. Some players find this a little uncomfortable however it reduces the unwanted movement in the upper body. Top players will mainly use stances based upon diagram No2 & 3.

You should line your foot up so that you are central to the dartboard. Movement to either side can be adopted but for beginners this is best practice and most professional keep to this technique. The left foot is situated behind the right. Lean forward slightly placing the bulk of your weight on your lead right foot and adjust you stance slightly (if needed) so that you are comfortable with the position. Your stance should be strong and stable. You should feel comfortable in this position, but at first this will appear alien to you if you have never played before.

The stance will be slightly adjusted during the course of the game i.e. when lining up to hit a double either side of the board or lower board trebles. As the stance acts a bit like a rudder of a boat with the front foot as the pivot and the back moving to the left or to the right naturally changes the angle you face the board. Also bringing your back foot closer to the front foot or further away adjusts your height. Do this with a pair of dividers to see this clearly. Minor adjustments in the stance positions will line the dart throw up correctly. It helps to be conscious of these movements as this will help you later when you need to give self feedback.
 

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Call Three tungsten dart rule is an excellent practice game to really sharpen your accuracy around the board. It may be played by any number of players or teams.

The Object: The object is to have the highest score after 10 rounds of play.

The Scoring: The player’s names are written across the top of the score board in order. Playing order is determined by a throw at bulls-eye, closest tungsten dart plays first. The numbers 1 through 10 are written down the center of the board to indicate the 10 rounds of play.

The Play: The first player goes to the line and the player who is to throw next calls off three numbers for the first player to hit. Any three numbers may be used, 1-20 and bulls-eyes.

The first player now throws one tungsten dart at each of the three numbers in the order called out. Only tungsten darts that land in the called out numbers count and they only count in the proper order. The thin outer "doubles" ring counts as 2 points, the thin inner "triples" ring counts as 3 points and the remaining area of the number count as 1 point. If bulls-eyes are used, the outer bulls-eye counts as 2 points and the inner bulls-eye counts as three points.

The total that was hit is written next to the round-number and play continues on to the next player. After all ten rounds are played, the player with the highest total score wins.

The Strategy: This game has no strategy, it is a game of accuracy. If you play on a tungsten dart team with your opponent(s), you should try to stick to numbers that give them trouble during league games.
 

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Cricket tungsten dart game rule is a game of strategy. You either test your opponent’s nerve or your nerve gets tested. There is a limited group of numbers to shoot for – some call it real estate. The goal is to own as much real estate as you can, while moving forward as quickly as you can. Here are some Cricket tungsten darts Strategies that can help you improve your chances of winning.

Win the bull's eye. The best strategy is to start the game because it gives you a distinct advantage. So you need to win the cork. Challenge strangers to see who can shoot a cork first. Have a bull shoot-out – first player to shoot 20 bulls wins. All of these exercises will work on your ability to shoot a strong cork before a cricket match.

Own real estate on the board. Cricket is a game of strategy so focus on giving yourself options as the game progresses. In order to do so, you need to own real estate. If 20s are closed for your opponent, shoot for your next favorite number, whether that is 19s or 18s. Just make sure to own the next number. By keeping your opponent on his toes you can dominate the match.

Always point your opponent. You have 20s closed and your opponent only has two of the three needed. That depends on your confidence and how good your opponent is, but ALWAYS point. The better a shot he or she is the more you point. If you aren’t confident of the win, then shoot for as many points as you can get. It’ll give you some room to make some mistakes as the game goes on.

Never give up. Cricket is a tungsten dart game rule of strategy. There are plenty of opportunities to turn things around. You may have lost on the top numbers of the board, but remember that the game’s only one-third over. There are three main sections to a cricket tungsten dart game. The top third (20, 19 and 18), the bottom third (17, 16 and 15) and the bull's eye. Never give up and you’ll be surprised at how many games you can turn around in the bottom two-thirds of the match.

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Here are a few guidelines to help you choose your right set of darts:

Try out the different dart barrel grips. Your next step is to try out different barrel grips that are available in the weight you have chosen. Some dart barrels have heavy knurling and others are smooth. Typically, the heavier the knurling the easier it is to grip the dart. However, extremely heavy knurling can cause darts to stick to your fingers and mess with your accuracy. For the typical dart player, there is more than one dart barrel that will work. Just make sure to choose the one feels the best and run with it. Tungsten darts have finest knurling, and so hard to wear out.

Try out different flights. There are many different sizes and styles of flights, including smooth and dimpled surfaces. Try them all out. The size and style of your flights can impact your game. Dimpled surfaces, for example, will help slow down and stabilize your darts. Try out all dart flight sizes and styles until you feel comfortable with your final configuration, but don’t be afraid to experiment as time goes by.

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