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Rare Earth Elements: Discovery and Early History

Details: Category: Rare Earth News; Published on Tuesday, 16 September 2014 13:57; Written by jwy; Hits: 2160

Rare earth elements are seventeen in number according to the periodic table. However, the word “rare” is not to be taken in a literal sense as most of these elements are readily available in the earth’s crust, and they are present in significant quantity. However, the reason the term rare is used is because the areas in which these elements are present can’t be easily extracted due to the unfavorable economic conditions of these areas. In this article, we will be looking at the discovery and the early history of these elements through the following 7 points.

1. The periodic table was not always in the position in which we see it today, as more elements were discovered they were added accordingly. The first time scientists came across the idea of rare elements was after the discovery of ytterbite, which was later renamed as gadolinite.

2. Ytterbite was then sent off to the University of Turku for an in depth examination. There, the professor after processing the element through different procedures was able to extract an oxide but was not able to place a specific identity to it. Also, no other elements were separated that are used to form the rare element in combination.

3. Later in 1803, a couple of scientists in an independent study discovered a white oxide, which they named as ceria. At the same time, another scientist named Martin Klaproth discovered the same element and gave it a different name, ochroia.

4. By this time, people were familiarized with the idea of rare elements. However, for nearly thirty years no other rare elements were discovered by scientists.

5. Later, more rare elements were found, from the same layers of the crust from which the first two rare elements had been discovered.

6. In the same period of scientific history, the famous Lanthana surfaced. This discovery was credited to Carl Mosander who separated ceria through heating the nitrate and then dissolving the resulting product in nitric acid. This process produced a raw form of Lanthana. It wasn’t for another three years after that time until pure Lanthana and didymia, both versions of the rare earth element, were discovered.

7. From here on forward, the discovery of rare elements picked up speed. A number of rare earth elements were discovered. It was by 1842 that the majority of the minerals were known to the people working in the field. At first this element was used for pure scientific reasons only, mostly for research in universities. However, with time, scientists discovered a number of other beneficial uses for these elements. They covered a huge base, from being used in making different parts in the aviation machinery industry to being used in a number of medical treatments that benefit humans. One example is the use of Lanthana in medicine for the renal failure.

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Foreign resources to support Japan's rare earth imports or loose

Details: Category: Rare Earth News; Published on Monday, 15 September 2014 14:14; Written by HJF; Hits: 2238

Indian Prime Minister Modi during the recent visit to Japan for the Japanese enterprises to mine rare earth minerals in India gave the green light. Exploitation of India to resolve 15 percent of Japan's rare earth rare earth needs. Now nearly 90 percent of the rare earths, Japan needs to import from China. Keith Tanuo Fu stressed by China's rare earth export restrictions bitter fight to get rare earths in Japanese wherever possible.

He said: & ldquo; Japan had suffered in China. 2010 due to the East China Sea incident China stopped exports to Japan of rare earth. It is playing in Japan & lsquo; chest nest & rsquo ;. Japan will soon start in the world & mdash; & mdash; Africa, Latin America and Asia to look for other sources of rare earths. Also deep seabed looking for. Now again tentacles in India and Malaysia. & rdquo;

If the success of the project in Malaysia, to 2018 in Japan than China can ensure that 60 percent of rare earth sources. But cooperation with Malaysia accompanied by high risk, often broke environmental pollution scandal, for example, Malaysia Green who oppose Australian company, funded by Japan Lenas rare earth production plant in Malaysia. Due to serious pollution problems, Malaysia in 1992 closed the Japanese-funded rare earth processing plant. After 15 consecutive years in Japan for compensation for environmental pollution.

It is worth noting that China reducing rare earth mining, reduce export quotas, but also because of pollution problems. But the WTO does not recognize China this argument. This spring the WTO accusing China of raw materials in violation of trade rules. Japan jointly with the United States and the European Union had sued the Chinese. China promised to give the corresponding conclusions, but have had no reports of rare earth export quota increase. Keith Tanuo Fu believes that the Japanese expressed concern.

He said: & ldquo; course, Japan must therefore give yourself the insurance. Regardless of how the WTO decision making, when the situation is serious, it was too late. High-tech industry needs rare earths. However, the future trend is difficult to predict how the Japan-China relations. It is constantly being intensified stage. If held in November during the APEC summit in Beijing, the organization can succeed Shinzo Abe and Xi Jinping meeting, which will ease the Sino-Japanese relations to some extent. I have no doubt that the meeting will be held. Chinese people do not refuse to meet in Japan. China does not want to hold the APEC summit for the first time, let it accompany scandal. However, there may be only two leaders met mere formality. & rdquo;

In order to reduce dependence on China, Japan, the state-owned oil and gas company metallic minerals (JOGMEC) invested $ 700 million in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan rare earth exploration. But Chinese companies have operations in these countries. Visible, Japan in foreign markets also suffered China's rare earth strong influence.

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China Rare Earth Export Jumps 31% in August

Details: Category: Rare Earth News; Published on Thursday, 11 September 2014 16:30; Written by jwy; Hits: 1436

Chinese companies exported 2,353 tonnes of rare earths last month, nearly 31 percent more than the previous month, new customs data showed on Sep.8th.

China's rare earth exports fell to 1,556 tonnes in June, the lowest level of this year, according to the General Administration of Customs (GAC).

For the first eight months, exports rose 35 percent year-on-year to 18,252 tonnes. In value terms, however, exports contracted 7.9 percent from a year earlier to 261.6 million U.S. dollars owing to falling prices.

Export till the end of last month was nearly 60 percent of the full-year quota of 30,610 tonnes, shared by 28 production and circulation enterprises.

Rare earths, a class of 17 mineral elements, are some of the most sought after metals due to their vital role in green technologies like wind turbines and car batteries as well as in military sectors.

With its rare earth reserves accounting for 23 percent of the global total, China supplies over 90 percent of the world's market demand at the cost of much pollution.

To curb environmental degradation and protect resources, China has set output ceilings, export quotas and stricter emissions standards as well as high resource taxes for some ores.

In the previous two years, companies had failed to use their full annual export quotas.

In 2013, China exported 22,493 tonnes of rare earths, up 38.3 percent from 2012. But it was well below the full-year export quota of 31,001 tonnes. In 2012, exports at 16,265 tonnes, just over the half of the full-year quota.

Early last month, the World Trade Organization ruled that China's export duties, quotas, and administration of rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum products were inconsistent with WTO rules and China's Accession Protocol.

In March 2012, the European Union, Japan and the United States teamed up to bring a joint case to the WTO over China's measures on exports of rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum.

They claimed that the restriction had limited other countries' access to the minerals, given China a competitive advantage and hurt other producers and consumers.

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Pioneering the development of downstream applications is the focus of Rare Earth

Details: Category: Rare Earth News; Published on Friday, 12 September 2014 17:02; Written by HJF; Hits: 2204

China's rare earth supply exceeds demand, the heavy rare earth yttrium surplus each year more than 10,000 tons, light rare earth lanthanum, cerium surplus of more than 50,000 tons per year. & ldquo; pioneering application development direction of China's rare earth lanthanum, cerium, yttrium end-use markets, reduce inventory, yes. & rdquo; at the recently held Sixth China Baotou Rare Earth Industry Forum, experts said.

Light rare earth lanthanum, cerium production accounts for about 70 percent of China's rare earth production. Since late last year, rare earth prices continued to fall, lanthanum, cerium, yttrium oxide prices fell 40%. If the application does not solve the problem of lanthanum, cerium, yttrium, and will affect the development of the rare earth industry. China Rare Earth Industry Association Deputy Secretary-General Wang Rail said: & ldquo; lanthanum, cerium element of the application does not open, or that marketing does not open, praseodymium, neodymium, will also be affected, neodymium prices would become unstable, and therefore must be addressed lanthanum, cerium application problems. & rdquo;

The development of China's rare earth industry has experienced a breakthrough smelting and separation technology, a breakthrough technology, rare earth new materials production stage, it is now entering a high level of use of rare earth materials terminal stage of industrialization integration technology. Compared with mature praseodymium, neodymium metal market, lanthanum, cerium applications and price far behind. Insiders said: & ldquo; praseodymium, neodymium metal prices are more than 30 yuan / ton, lanthanum, cerium price should be 70,000 yuan / ton to 80,000 yuan / ton. Currently, praseodymium, neodymium metal sales was better because praseodymium, neodymium final downstream products than lanthanum, cerium higher end. & rdquo;

State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Vice Ren Mengjian think: & ldquo; lanthanum, cerium has a strong catalytic effect, you can put atmospheric emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides after catalytic into harmless substances. Applied to magnesium alloys, lanthanum, cerium can play a very good corrosion resistance and enhance the role of liquidity, the size of each year may be to use a dozen or even several million tons. & rdquo;

Zhang Zhong, general manager of Baotou Steel Rare Earth, said in addition to solving lanthanum, cerium, yttrium application problems in the new energy vehicles, the Baotou Rare Earth is also actively involved in the application of lanthanum, cerium more environmentally friendly projects. & ldquo; For example, smoke treatment, gas treatment, water treatment developed rapidly these years. We have recently carried out jointly with the petrochemical companies catalyst research and development projects, including soot denitration treatment. The main elements of these environmental projects using a lanthanum and cerium. & rdquo; he said.

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Ministry will introduce policies focus on supporting new materials such as rare earth

Details: Category: Rare Earth News; Published on Wednesday, 10 September 2014 16:41; Written by HJF; Hits: 2149

According to reports, authorities from approaching the Ministry was informed, carbon fiber, rare earths, refractory metal materials, is expected to become the new material supported by the state, the future of the Ministry will provide key support research supporting policies.

According to the reporter, at present the Ministry is speeding up the pace of major projects, feasibility studies, study the establishment of new materials risk compensation mechanism, improve taxation, finance, insurance and other comprehensive support policy, the formation of policy together to jointly promote the development of new materials industries. According to the plan, the Ministry of Industry and strive through about a decade of efforts to accelerate including new material industry, including key development areas, to promote China as a whole has entered the ranks of the world's manufacturing powerhouse.

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