Dye Laser Spectroscopy of Trivalent Samarium in Calcium Tungstate Crystals

Tunable dye laser spectroscopy has been used to study energy transfer processes in CaWO3:Sm3+ crystals. Fluorescence and excitation transitions for samarium ions in different crystal-field sites have been identified and their changes in width and position with temperature studied. This information is used to characterize energy migration among samarium ions as a function of temperature, samarium concentration, time after the laser pulse, and pressure. The interaction mechanism causing energy migration is identified as electric quadrupole-quadrupole. At low temperatures it was found that only single-step transfer between nearby ions takes place, while at high temperatures multi-step diffusion of energy occurs. These results are interpreted in terms of the Anderson (1958) localization concepts for systems with inhomogeneously broadened transitions, and quantitative estimates of the transfer rates and diffusion parameters are obtained.


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The Importance of Tungsten Contacts Gap of Distributor - II

If the gap of tungsten contacts of distributor is reduced, then: the closing time of tungsten contacts will be prolonged; ignition coil ignition energy will store more; before the tungsten contacts opening, current formed in the primary coil will be relatively large; when the tungsten contacts are opened, the maximum secondary voltage is relatively high.

If the gap of tungsten contacts of distributor is increased, then: the closing time of tungsten contacts will be shortened, which resulting in ignition energy reduction and the maximum secondary voltage drop. And because the opening time of tungsten contacts open ahead, it will cause that ignition advance angle increases.

However, the gap of tungsten contacts of distributor is not too small. If the gap is too small, when tungsten contacts are closed, it will form a strong contact spark and lost the primary ignition energy, resulting in tungsten contact ablation. And because the cutoff of primary current circuit is not complete, so the maximum secondary voltage will be reduced.

tungsten contacts


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Tungsten Contacts Material - II

The preparation of silver tungsten contacts can be powder metallurgy or infiltration method.

Silver material characteristics:
Low melting point, low hardness, volatile, low wear resistance, good thermal conductivity characteristics;
When the load is large, the silver contacts material is easier to form an arc and welding;
Because silver has low hardness and volatile characteristics, so under the effect of DC, silver film will form electrical erosion and spikes;
At high temperature and humid environment, silver will form silver sulfide film in the surface of sulfur or sulfur compounds.

Tungsten content of silver tungsten contacts material is usually around 20% -80%, silver tungsten contacts advantages: they own good oxidation resistance, good electrical and thermal conductivity, arc erosion resistance, excellent electrical wear resistance ability and good anti-welding capability. Silver tungsten contact shortcoming: contact resistance is unstable. When the silver tungsten contacts frequently running because the contact surface of silver and tungsten will produce a mixed oxide, the splash degree of contact resistance of the film surface will increase.

Silver tungsten contacts application: it is widely used in thermostats, circuit breakers, micro-switches, etc., and can also be used for electrical contacts, high current heavy equipment.

tungsten contact


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The Importance of Tungsten Contacts Gap of Distributor - I

The normal value of tungsten contacts gap of the distributor is generally around 0.35mm-0.45mm. If the gap is large than normal value of 0.1mm, the engine will use more petrol than 3% of fuel; if small  than 0.1mm, then 5%of fuel.

Ignition energy, ignition advance angle and the maximum secondary voltage will affect the automotive ignition system performance. If the ignition energy is insufficient, it will cause the mixture gases do not ignite properly. If the ignition advance angle is too small or too large, so the mixture gases will not normally burn after ignition. If the maximum secondary voltage is low, then the spark plugs do not flash over normally. These factors will make the power of engine decline, fuel consumption rise and dysfunction and so on. So, appropriate tungsten contacts gap of the distributor can mitigate the impact of car ignition energy, ignition advance angle and the maximum secondary voltage to car ignition system.

tungsten contacts


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The Influence on Intrinsic Light Emission of Calcium Tungstate and Molybdate Powders by Multivalence Pr Codoping

For trivalent praseodymium (Pr3+) and quadrivalent praseodymium (Pr4+) codoped CaMO4 (M = W, Mo) powders, the luminescence propriety of matrix is obviously influenced by carrier concentration. The light emission intensity of CaWO4 matrix decreases exponentially with increasing of Pr concentration because oxygen-deficient obtains an electron supplied by Pr3+ (5d). However, the light emission intensity of CaMoO4 is enhanced by Pr codoping because the quasi-free electrons increase the probability of radiative combination. The difference of photoluminescence properties in the two materials are attributed to the bonding character of M and O in the CaMO4 structure.


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