Solar-Driven Organic Synthesis, WO3 Expected to Replace Traditional Thermal Catalytic Technology

After the report of Xiong Yujie ect. of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) designed the tungsten trioxide (WO3) defect state nanostructure, the reports about this great discovery is continued. This defective state of tungsten oxide nanostructures are prepared based on inorganic solid chemistry precise, with a crystal defect engineering, and it exhibits excellent catalytic performance under aerobic coupling a broad spectrum of lighting conditions, and achieves high hopes on the realizing of low energy consumption and cost of organic chemical technology.

tungsten trioxide and defect nanostructure
 
According to the introduction of Xiong Yujie, "This achievement is the result of cross cooperation of multidisciplinary", on the basis of catalyst design has made progress, the research group cooperated with many professors of their university, to clearly describe the oxygen vacancy defect states in overcoming metal tungsten oxide metal atom saturated ligand and a light absorbing narrow margin disadvantage by the theoretical simulation method, thus to in-depth understand its action mechanism. "It is based on this understanding, we are able to regulate through the crystal defect engineering solar energy to chemical energy conversion performance, and offer the possibility for the solar energy to replace the thermal energy organic synthesis, also it has an important role in promoting the light of rational design of catalytic material."
 
Conventional organic synthesis is achieved by relying on thermal catalytic technology, however, that process takes a tremendous amount of heat which often results in high cost, and also causes some pressures to environmental protection. 1983, the realization of the photocatalytic halogenated aromatic carboxyl synthesis reaction started the researching in photocatalysis of organic synthesis. Then, as the photocatalysis in organic synthesis has attracted more and more attention, the application of photocatalytic selective organic synthesis is also carried out in succession. Photocatalytic can cause a lot of attention in organic synthesis will thank to some of its significant potential. WO3 as a semiconductor photocatalyst has caused many concerned because of its mild reaction condition, low energy consumption, less secondary pollution and other advantages. In recent years, the photocatalytic properties of WO3 are in the ongoing research, especially WO3 ultrafine powder has broad prospects in catalytic field. The time, the discovery of defects tungsten trioxide nanostructure has undoubtedly added an important role on the expanding of WO3 in application of photocatalytic.

 

State Council Environmental Inspectors in Ganzhou Stimulates Tungsten Price

Tungsten products completely rose up since last week. It has lasted for over 10 days. Due to the acceptance and drive of tungsten raw material enterprise, jump in tungsten price appears unexpected, especially tungsten concentrate and APT. There are no prompt goods in the market at present. Quotation of APT is in a chaos due to the lack of tungsten concentrate and disorder of market.

The price of tungsten concentrate is approximately 70,000.00RMB/ton, APT is 110,000.00RMB/ton. However, small deal under high price is not representative, the whole market transition is negative. The sudden rising in price makes down stream enterprise confused and hesitate to buy.

Coincidentally, APT price in European market also rebounds. The quoted price is 180~190USD/ton, which rises about 5 dollars compared to last week. Price of ferro tungsten is around 24.3~25USD/ton, which rises about 0.15 dollars. Europe should be in its summer break, the price is intended to be stable. The flowing of the price this time is completely affected by China market.

APT and Environmental Protection

Another important factor is that state council environmental inspectors settled in Ganzhou last week forces some small APT metallurgy factory to shut down and rectification due to its unqualified environmental protection problems. It may last for one week or even a month. This causes the tungsten market even worse which it has already stays in a situation that manufacturers being reluctant to sell which causes lack of raw material in the market. The supply is getting more nervous and price rises even higher. It is obvious that environmental protection principle has already been an important theory that should be complied in every industry.

The poor demanding has always been the block for rise of tungsten price. However, the markup at present is the main trend. Although there may be risk, it is the challenge and opportunity as well.

Standardization Technical Committee of Rare Earth Visited Japan and Korea Promote Development of Tungsten Heater

tungsten heaterDuring June 10 to 16 in 2016, Ma unzhen, the Chairman of the Standardization Technical Committee of Rare Earth, and the Secretary, Gao Lan, and technologist Shen Guodi visited Japan and Republic of Korea. They communicated with leaders of the related standards departments, technology organization experts and some related representative of enterprises in Japan and Republic of Korea. In addition, they also attend “International Rare Earth Applications Forum” held in Westin hotel of Hokkaido.

On June 11, 2016, the Japanese representative organized a special symposium of ISO (International Organization for Standardization). During the discussion, the Japanese representative expressed that as a big country of the application of rare earth, Japan hoped to cooperate with china in the field of international standardization, and emphasized the rare earth industry is crucial to Japan, Japan would attach great importance to the work of international standardization of rare earth.

Three representatives of China also communicated with a senior research fellow and two experts in Republic of Korea. They talked more about the technology of rare earth production, which would be conducive to the production of tungsten heater and other rare earth industry. After the talks, South Korean experts arranged a scene visit, detailing introduced the circumstances of their laboratory equipment. From the aspect of their test equipment, South Korea is fully equipped with the ability to participate in international standard testing. What’s more, South Korea experts agreed with our counterparts domestic enterprises in the rare earth standard.

The delegations also intuitively understood that the stuff and equipments situation of two countries for international standardization rare earth, which enhanced the confidence of international standardization work. The success of the exchange creates a good start to promote wolfram heater and other rare international standardization work. Moreover, China also learned advanced production technology from the two countries in this visit, which would help to improve the productivity and quality of the tungsten heater.

Will Apple be Next Nokia?

On July 7, Counterpoint Technology, a market research institute, released its research about smart phone market share of May. It showed that Apple only accounts for 10.8%, which is 1.2% decrease compared with May, 2015 and fell to fifth. On the contrast, China domestic smart phones, the four largest brands, Huawei, Vivo, Oppo and Xiaomi, have been increasing and the percentage is 53%. Among the data, Huawei ranked first with 17.3%, and Oppo 11% with a double going up.

Time goes back. In April, Apple released last quarter financial report. iPhone sales volume had declined as the first time in its sales history. So is its revenue, which is going down 13%, and 33% compared with the first quarter in 2015. After that, Apple promotes its iPhone SE with lower value of USD500.00, in order to interest the small screen users. No doubt, this type of iPhone has been the most obscure products of Apple these years. With a respect, it may run into the rural market. However, it may still lose with the competition of Vivo and Oppo. Even Citibank has lowered down its expectation of the third and fourth quarter financial report, and predicts that iPhone change time will last 30 to 36 months.

tungsten crucible and sapphire screen

After those not so good reports of Apple, will it be next Nokia? It may and may not. If iPhone can effectively grasp the chance of phone change time and increase its quality, including its broken sapphire screen, which is growing in tungsten crucible in thermal field, then it may change its unfavorable situation. Surely, China domestic brands are also improving their quality better and better, so that their competition ability will be stronger. In order to increase their screen quality, the crucible should be pure enough, which is over 99.95%, for assurance of the quality of sapphire. Chinatungsten has been producing tungsten crucible over 20 years, its purity and quality can meet the requirement of producing out high-quality sapphire. Then it could be a power to support the hard ware parts of phones.

WO3 Catalytic Fuel Cell Vehicle Eases Global Warming

Hydrogen fuel cells for its comprehensive advantages of zero-emission, high energy density and conversion rate, long battery life and short time refueling hydrogen ect., is considered to be one of the "best path" for the development of new energy vehicles. With restrictions FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle) development bottlenecks continue to be resolved, the international leader in the fuel cell technology company's products have been sent to the commercial promotion levels; in the case of cost, over the past 10 years, the production costs of fuel cell system has plummeted with also a certain decline space left; about the support facilities, governments have stepped up efforts to support hydrogen refueling station to relieve the problem in the operation of fuel cell.

fuel cell vehicle
 
The operating principle of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is that the hydrogen is sent to the fuel cell anode plate (anode), an electron in the hydrogen atom is separated out through the effect of catalyst; then hydrogen ions (protons) which lose electrons will pass through the proton exchange membrane to arrive at the fuel cell cathode plate (positive electrode), while the electron can not pass through the proton exchange membrane, only through an external circuit to reach the cathode plate of the fuel cell, thereby generating a current in the external circuit. After the electrons reach the cathode plate, they will recombine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms to water. Since oxygen supplied to the cathode plate can be obtained from the air, as long as continue to supply hydrogen to the anode plate and the air to the cathode plate with timely water (steam) away, electricity will be continue to be provided. Theoretically, hydrogen fuel cells emit only water, not carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and other products of and the fossil fuels, thus to ease the global warming and improve air quality.
 
The study found that WO3 has a strong corrosion resistance, does not react with almost any acid without the hydrofluoric acid, which is particularly suitable for the high humidity, acidic environment of fuel cell. In addition, the conventional Pt catalyst belongs to precious metal, the addition of WO3 can not only reduce the cost of the catalyst; at the same time, since the WO3 and the metal will produce synergistic catalytic effect which improves the efficiency of the catalyst; in addition, WO3 has the corrosion resistant, as a partial substitute carrier C to longer the life of the catalyst, and also indirectly improve the catalytic efficiency.

 

 

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