Depleted uranium (DU) and heavy-metal tungsten alloys (HMTAs) are dense heavy-metals used primarily in military applications. Chemically similar to natural uranium, but depleted of the higher activity 235U and 234U isotopes, DU is a low specific activity, high-density heavy metal. In contrast, the non-radioactive HMTAs are composed of a mixture of tungsten (91-93%), nickel (3-5%), and cobalt (2-4%) particles. The use of DU and HMTAs in military munitions could result in their internalization in humans.

Limited data exist .however, regarding the long-term health effects of internalized DU and HMTAs in humans. Both DU and HMTAs possess a tumorigenic transforming potential and are genotoxic and mutagenic in vitro. Using insoluble DU-UO2 and a reconstituted mixture of tungsten, nickel, cobalt (rWNiCo), we tested their ability to induce stress genes in thirteen different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). The commercially available CAT-Tox (L) cellular assay consists of a panel of cell lines stably transfected with reporter genes consisting of a coding sequence for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) under transcriptional control by mammalian stress gene regulatory sequences. DU, (5-50 microg/ml) produced a complex profile of activity demonstrating significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA FOS, p53RE, Gadd153, Gadd45, NFkappaBRE, CRE, HSP70, RARE, and GRP78 promoters. The rWNiCo mixture (5-50 microg/ml) showed dose-related induction of the GSTYA, hMTIIA, p53RE, FOS, NFkappaBRE, HSP70, and CRE promoters.

An examination of the pure metals, tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co), comprising the rWNiCo mixture, demonstrated that each metal exhibited a similar pattern of gene induction, but at a significantly decreased magnitude than that of the rWNiCo mixture. These data showed a synergistic activation of gene expression by the metals in the rWNiCo mixture.

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Tungsten carbide end mill is widely use for many fields.An end mill is a tool used by a milling machine to make a specific cut. End mills have multiple uses and perform many jobs.

Perhaps the most versatile machine in just about any shop, an end mill on a milling machine can perform many tasks.

While they cannot cut square holes, end mills can cut blind holes, bevel edges, flat edges, make holes and create cylinders.


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China tungsten is famous for its high reserve of the world tungsten. China has approximately 85% of the world’s primary tungsten and 65% of the world tungsten reserve. Today, we will talk about tungsten in China.

Tungsten is important in our daily life and has a wide range of applications. Except for tungsten being used as filament in light bulbs, tungsten also is incorporated into wear-resistant materials to be used in metal working, mining, petroleum, construction industry, stainless and full alloy steels. Tungsten can be applied to manufacture jet engines, high temperature resistant alloys. Tungsten also has strategic applications in the defense sector.

What makes tungsten get people’s attention? It is tungsten chemical properties that contribute to the deversity of its applications. Tungsten is one metal we use and rely on in our daily life. So tungsten in China is considered to be strategic.

Tungsten supply remains tight with China controlling 65% of world tungsten reserves. China’s ability to influence the tungsten market becomes evident. When China unexpectedly curtailed its tungsten exports in 1963, tungsten price saw a three-fold increase.

Tungsten in China has a special meaning and is widely used.

Over more than 20 years of export experience have taught us that it takes variety to attract customers. That’s why we offer a wide range of refractory metal products in various shapes and sies. For more information, contact us today!
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As we all know, tungsten alloy have good mechanical properties and physical properties. Otherwise, tungsten alloy also has been adopted as shielding materials in nuclear industry for its high density.

In nuclear industry, lead is major material for nuclear radiation shielding. However, the density of lead is only 11.3g/cm³,so its shielding performance is not so good. While tungsten heavy alloy material has high density and good absorption for ray. The performance of radiation shielding is higher than lead by 30% to 40%. The wall thickness of container of radioactive sources which is made by high-density tungsten heavy alloy is only 1/2 to 2/3 of lead.  So, tungsten is an ideal material for nuclear fuel reservoir and radiation shielding.

Currently, tungsten heavy alloy sheets are used for protecting device so that protect patients from damage of radiation during the inspection of X-ray. Very thin tungsten alloy plates whose thickness is below 2mm after precisely machining have been widely used for collimator and detector which are key components of medical CT machine, highly improving accuracy of diagnosis.

Meanwhile, W-Ni-Fe alloy have high melting point, good tenacity of impact, high elongation and low yield strength. Tungsten can be used for composite metal materials which can guarantee instrument operating when atomic energy is exploding. What's more, tungsten alloy can be also used as simulation materials which are used for defining data for nuclear warhead and design of nuclear reactor.

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