Refractory metal is generally a kind of metal whose melting point is higher than 1650℃ and has definite reserves. The metals whose melting point is higher than Zr (1852℃) are also called as refractory metal. Refractory metal material is a kind of alloys which is based on refractory metal as matrix and adds with other metal elements. 3D printing technology is a kind of techniques which is based on files of mathematical model, utilizing refractory metal material and manufacturing substance by printing layer by layer. 3D printer appeared at the mid-term of 1990’s. It is a kind of rapid prototyping devices by using light-cure and paper stacking up. The operational principle is similar to general printer. There is refractory metal powder in 3D printer. When connecting with computer, the printer superimposes refractory metal material layer by layer, being controlled by computer. Lastly, the blueprint in computer will be change into material object. At present, 3D printing technology has been widely adopted in aviation industry for manufacturing main bearing components of fighter. The most outstanding advantage of 3D printing technology is that graphic data of computer can produce any shapes components directly, without machine work or moulds, so that can reduce lead time of product, improve productivity and lower cost.

3D printing technology can not only be used for manufacturing plastic gun. At present, 3D printing technology has been widely used in developing and manufacturing of weapons around the world. Advanced 3D printing technology can not only sinter or fuse plastic, wax and sand, it can also sinter refractory metal directly. In traditional manufacturing process of fighter, it needs long-term investment for manufacturing hydraulic forming equipment after finishing design of fighter 3D model. The processes of shaping and application of components have been improved largely while using 3D printing technology. The main bearing components, being made by refractory metal material and manufactured by 3D printing technology has been widely used for J-15, the first Chinese carrier aircraft, including the whole former landing chassis. It is said that the refractory metal material which is manufactured by 3D printing technology will be also used for J-20 and J-31, the fifth generation fighter.

3D printing technology can be also used for maintenance and guarantee of weapons in the battlefield directly. At present, the U.S. army has already deployed mobile laboratory in Afghanistan. The U.S. Army is also speeding up the combat deployment of 3D printing technology, so that can improve the maintenance ability of weapons and enhance persistent combat effectiveness during wartime. The damaged components can be printed by using 3D printing technology timely and assembled by maintenance personnel so that weapons can join in battle again.


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Owing to its high density of shielding, tungsten heavy alloys is quite ideal for medical radiation shielding of which including Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI),Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment(IMRT ),Positron Emission Tomography (PET), collimator, isotope container, and so on. 

Tungsten heavy alloys for medical radiation shielding set forth below: 

The temperature of tungsten alloy material inside shaped charge liners rises from normal temperature to more than 1000℃ and strain rate reaches 1.0×10⁵s^-1. So, we can see that the shaping procedure of EFP (Explosively Formed Penetrator) is happening under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure and high strain rate. It is not any materials that can shape complete EFP. It has quite a high claims on the dynamic characteristics of materials under the condition of high temperature, high pressure and high strain rate. The ideal materials for shaped charge liners should have the properties of high melting temperature, high density, high elongation and dynamic strength, etc. Tungsten alloy material is ideal material for shape charged liners. Otherwise, engineering application also should considerate the cost and resources of material. Those materials which are important, high price and short resources are not easily utilized for a wide range.

Tungsten copper alloy shaped charge liners recombine metals which have different function so that can exert the complicated advantages of alloy. Compared with those single-metal shaped charge liners, tungsten copper alloy shaped charge liners have more reasonable transformation and absorption mechanism, more excellent penetration and lower cost. So it has wide prospect for development.

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Heat resistance tungsten alloy is a kind of alloys which can work long term under the temperature more than 600℃ and definite pressure. It has a series of complicated properties such as excellent hot strength, good anti oxidation and thermal corrosion resistance, good fatigue property and fracture toughness, etc. Heat resistance tungsten alloy has been the irreplaceable key materials for high-temperature components in military and civil gas turbine engine.

The advancement of Taihang aero engine has close relationship with development of heat resistance tungsten alloy High turbine working temperature is the most significant symbol in Taihang aero engine. Improving turbine working temperature is an important measure to improve thrust and increase thrust weight ratio of Taihang aero engine. While the primary factor having influence on the temperature before engine turbine is materials of turbine blade and turntable which have high-temperature resistance. So designers of engine turbine components try their efforts to search a kind of high-temperature resistance materials for turbine turntable and blade. Advanced heat resistance tungsten alloy satisfies with the need of aero engine for materials, and develops rapidly with the advancement of engine.

Heat resistance tungsten alloy powder is a kind of heat resistance tungsten alloy It is indispensable key materials for advanced aero engine turbine turntable. For several years, heat resistance tungsten alloy powder had made great progress, and been utilized in turbine turntable and diversion turntable of Taihang aero engine. The realization of heat resistance tungsten alloy powder applications in aero engine reduces the gap with advanced technology of developed countries in this industry.

The development of Taihang aero engine, also called as WS-10 was begun at the end of 1980’s. The finalization of design was finished at December 28^th, 2005 which had spent 18 years. Taihang aero engine is the first high-performance, high thrust, loading turbofan engine whose intellectual property right is owned by China. Meanwhile, it also fills the gap of advanced turbofan engine in China. Taihan aero engine is the third domestic military turbofan engine which is developed by China Aviation Research Institute 606. The maximum thrust of Taihang aero engine is not more than 12000kg, by adopting high thrust bypass ratio and fully automated digitized control system. At present, Taihang aero engine is mainly equipped in J-10 the third generation high performance fighters in China.


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Tungsten alloy is adopted as projectile for EFP (Explosively Formed Penetrator) with its high density, high intensity and high ductility. Terminal sensing submunition can detect and distinguish targets in scanning area. When scanning trajectory of terminal sensing submunition scans the target in scanning area, the computer on the penetrator detonates warhead of EFP duly, forming explosive compacting tungsten alloy EFP projectile and attacks armor vehicles from top. Tungsten alloy EFP projectile flight trajectory is the trajectory that EFP projectile flies to the target.

Tungsten alloy EFP projectile is influenced by gravity and air resistance during flying. Gravity bends tungsten alloy EFP projectile flight trajectory and air resistance decreases the flight speed of tungsten alloy EFP projectile. High density of tungsten alloy can weaken the influence on projectile caused by gravity and air resistance. High density means higher density of energy and greater impact force, improving penetrating power. High ductility contributes to forming longer projectile so that highly increasing the depth of penetration. Because the flight speed of EFP is faster than sound velocity by 5~6times, the distance from detonating to target is no more than caliber by 1000 times. For that, the influence on EFP flight trajectory by gravity can be neglected. So tungsten alloy EFP projectile flight trajectory can be considered as straight line trajectory approximately and also can be described by using equation of motion for particle. 



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Tungsten alloy is used as collimator or radiation shielding in the following applications:

Geologging
Geologging is an exploration technique used mainly in the oil and gas industries. It is also known as wireline logging and borehole logging. A gamma ray source is lowered into a borehole and the radiation penetrates the rock strata. This data can then be analysed to determine whether deposits of gas or oil are present. Tungsten alloy is used to shield the radioactive source and to act as a collimator for the gamma beam.

Pipe-line Inspection
Gamma radiation is used to inspect welds and to detect cracks in pipelines. A gamma source is mounted on a remote-controlled wheeled trolley (sometimes called a "pig") and travels inside the length of the pipe. A tungsten collimator is used to direct the radiation onto the target, whilst the radioactive source is housed inside tungsten shielding.

Non Destructive Testing
Industrial radiography uses gamma radiation to detect structural faults in materials such as metal and concrete. As with pipe-line inspection, the equipment uses tungsten shielding, coupled with a tungsten collimator. Thickness, density and level gauging Radioactive sources are used in industrial processes to measure thickness, density or levels of materials during production e.g. paper, plastic film, steel sheet or surface coatings. The material passes between a radioactive source, which is housed in tungsten alloy, and a detector. The strength of the detector signal is used to measure the thickness, density or level of the material.


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our new tungsten ring should last for a lifetime and always look great! There are a just a few points to keep in mind to ensure your ring stays in it's pristine condition for years to come.

Do not drop your ring on a hard surface or purposely hit it with hard metal tool, such as a hammer.

Do not clean your tungsten ring in a jewelers ultrasonic cleaner, or with a steam cleaner or ionic cleaner.

DO not clean your tungsten ring with any chemicals as this can cause spotting.

DO only clean your tungsten ring with a mild soap and water. This will remove dirt, grime, lotions and keep your ring sparkly clean!


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In the aerospace industry applications. China developed the first generation of tungsten heavy alloy performance good in the 1960s, since immediately after the birth of self-developed China's first artificial satellite navigation device has been successfully applied, then this new material has the first in China an intercontinental missile and developed by a variety of new fighters, helicopters, has been successfully applied. Developed to meet the needs of Chinese communications satellite, but also successfully developed a new type of density up to 18.5g/cm3 high proportion of tungsten-based alloys. A variety of high-performance W-Cu alloys in the rocket (missile) combustion chamber, nozzle, throat, rudder and other parts of the development of high temperature has been applied.

Military industrial applications. China has successful developed the W-Ni-Fe heavy alloy, provides of a variety of wear, shaped charge of the development a key material. W-Ni-Cu heavy alloys also play an important role in doing gyrorotor high proportion of material in China's first nuclear submarine of the research and development.

In the civilian industry and nuclear industrial applications. In the nuclear power industry, used for nuclear reactor insulation and shielding materials, tungsten heavy alloy has a good prospect. In civilian industry, high-density tungsten alloy has been more widely used; mobile phones and golf oscillator rod weight will be a wide range of products. Processing done in the electric performance of the anvil block material to make electrical upsetting of hundredfold increase production efficiency, has significant economic benefits.

In summary, the development of tungsten processing industry does not only play a very important role in building on the national economy, also has a significant impact on the modernization of national defense.


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Also known as wolfram, tungsten is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone, though the name is volfram in Swedish to distinguish it from Scheelite, in Swedish alternatively named tungsten.A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite.

The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the non-alloyed metals and the second highest of all the elements after carbon. Also remarkable is its high density of 19.3 times that of water, comparable to that of uranium and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead. Tungsten with minor amounts of impurities is often brittle and hard, making it difficult to work. However, very pure tungsten, though still hard, is more ductile, and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw. Tungsten’s many alloys have numerous applications, most notably in incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes (as both the filament and target), electrodes in TIG welding, and superalloys. Tungsten’s hardness and high density give it military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are most often used industrially as catalysts.


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The predecessor of Al-Khalid main battle tank (MBT) is 90-II which is developed in China. Al-Khalid MBT is equipped by composite armor and rolling homogenous armor. The tank can perform night operation which is also equipped by thermal imaging system. The main weapon of Al-Khalid MBT is a 125mm caliber smoothbore gun which carrying 39 ammunitions. The smoothbore gun can launch depleted uranium (DU) ammunition, tungsten alloy penetrators, kinetic energy cartridge and high explosive grenade. Otherwise, there are 12.7mm caliber machine gun and 7.62mm caliber machine gun in the tank.

In recent years, Pakistan Army is modernizing Al-Khalid MBT. They attempt to modernize the tank to the most advanced tank in the world. Al-Khalid MBT is called as Super Al-Khalid MBT after modernization, which is equipped by integrated battle management system (IBMS) and active protection system. For the new design of structure, the armor of new tank can endure the strike from all of 120~125mm caliber anti-tank shells who are on service at present. What’s more, the fire control is more advanced, and the firing rate of main artillery has been improved by 9 shells per minute. Meanwhile, Super Al-Khalid MBT is also equipped by Sagem the third generation thermography made in France, laser sight, anti-tank missile tracking system and Valta electro-optical countermeasures device made in Ukraine.


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