Tungsten (W) alloy are widely applied in many engineering applications including radiation shields, counterweight balance, electrical contacts, damping devices, and kinetic energy penetrators. The wide applications benefit from its high melting point, good thermal stability, high strength, and high radiation absorption capacity. However, tungsten alloy suffers from low temperature brittleness and unexpected growth characteristics in recrystallization.

Sustainable energy sources are crucial in the modern world, where conventional fossil fuels contribute towards an alarming percentage of hazardous pollutants in the environment. Hydrogen is a non-polluting fuel and a replenishable energy source, able enough to take the edge of an energy crisis. Noble metal platinum (Pt) has been proved to be the most effective electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the high price of Pt limits its applications.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensor at low concentration is important as NO2 is not good to human nervous system and respiratory organs. Tungsten oxide (WO3), a popular n-type semiconductor with a band-gap of 2.6–2.8 eV, has been widely studied as a promising sensing material for determining NO2 gas because it exhibits high sensitivity, low cost of manufacturing and a fast response.

In the development of tungsten-based Plasma Facing Materials/Components (PFMs/PFCs), materials scientists have explored many different, innovative preparation and processing routes to meet the requirement of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Tungsten (W) is one of the best candidates for plasma-facing materials in the fusion reactors, owing to its many unique properties. However, some inherent defects such as the embrittlement, high DBTT of tungsten material restrict its application on PFMs and PFCs.

With ever-increasing demands of energy and environmental issues caused by extensive combustion of traditional fossil fuels, the quest for clean and sustainable energy sources as alternatives has attracted extensive research interest. Hydrogen seems to be a promising alternate due to its nontoxicity, ideal combustion efficiency and high gravimetric energy density. Among many accepted ways of hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been widely regarded as an appealing solution.

Due to the environmental pollution and climate change cause by burning of fossil fuels, finding a renewable and clean energy alternative is becoming increasingly important. Hydrogen (H2) has high energy density and zero emission, which makes it one of the most promising energy carriers in future. Among various hydrogen production methods, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from electrocatalytic water splitting is considered as an ideal eco-friendly strategy to generate hydrogen in a large scale.

In the past few decades, nanostructured materials has gained more scientific interest owing to their distinctive physical and chemical properties. Lanthanum tungstate (La2(WO4)3) nanoparticles exhibits a monoclinic scheelite-like structure with a space group of C2/c. It has been widely applied in fields such as luminescence, photocatalysis and scintillators due to their unique optical and structural properties.

The chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid herbicide 2,4-D is extensively used for control of broadleaf weeds in cereal crops. It has been used for weed control on wheat, barley, oats, rice, maize and raps crops and is typically applied to cereals at a rate (active ingredient) of 0.5 kg ha−1. 2,4-D is potentially dangerous to both animals and humans and is a well-known endocrine disruptor.

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a common n-type semiconductor. WO3 has a wide bandgap semiconductor between 2.5–3.6 eV, which makes being widely used in the fields of catalysis, photocatalytic and electro-chromic systems to produce smart windows, chemical sensors for detection of polluting gases such as H2S, NOx, NH3, and monitoring H2 gas concentration to ovoid explosions in embedded system. WO3 has the advantages of structural polymorphism, chemical stability, and good biocompatibility It is Hexagonal tungsten trioxide (h-WO3) possesses an open-tunnel structure and exhibits intercalation chemistry and other favorable properties, which has been used for lithium batteries, optoelectronic device, and ion exchanger.

In photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, hydrogen is produced from water using sunlight and specialized semiconductors called photoelectrochemical materials, which use light energy to directly dissociate water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is the most promising clean energy source with very high gravimetric energy density and environmental friendliness.