Erbium (Er, atomic number 68) is found in minerals that dysprosium is found in (xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and blomstrandine). In 1842, Mosander separated “yttria”, found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions. He called these three fractions: yttria, erbia and terbia. After 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as: erbia, Scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonable pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare earth metals, it’s properties depend, to a certain extent, on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other metals.

                  

Some known uses for erbium are as follows:
A photographic filter and a nuclear poison – it will kill any nuclear fission process. Compounds of it are often pink when dissolved in solution.
Amplifier of light (optical fibers) used to transmit signals for the internet.
Erbium tri-chloride is used in jewelry and sunglasses.
Erbium salts are used in welding goggles in conjunction with other rare earths.


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Dysprosium (Dy, atomic number 66) was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. The oxide and metal wasn’t available in relative pure form until 1950 when development of ion exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques were created by Spedding and associates. Dysprosium occurs along with other rare earths in a variety of minerals such as: xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and blomstrandine. Monazite and bastnasite are the most important sources. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The metal is a metallic bright silver luster. Dysprosium is relatively stable in air temperature and is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids to evolve hydrogen. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. Dysprosium is very reactive and therefore is stored in foil. Its thermal neutron absorption cross section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications for alloying with special stainless steels.

                   

Some known uses for Dysprosium are as follows:
Strong, Permanent Magnets- dysprosium along with neodymium is used in the production of the world’s strongest permanent magnets. The magnets have high magnetic strength but lower weight. Such magnets are used in electronic motors to produce higher power and torque with much lower size and weight.
Hybrid/Electric Vehicles use these magnets.
Miniaturization of hard disk drives and many electronic devises also use these magnets.
Nuclear fuel rods- due to its ability to capture neutrons. It modulates how hot a nuclear reaction is getting. It is used in power stations to prevent nuclear reactions from getting out of control.
If mixed with cadmium and sulfur it can be used in devices that use infrared. Chemists use infrared quite often, when a sample/compound is radiated with infrared absorbance will occur. This is specific to stretching or bending. It is a way of scanning molecules and getting information about their composition and structure.
A dysprosium oxide-nickel cement can be used in cooling nuclear reactor rods. The cement absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment.
Laser materials-in combination with other rare earths and vanadium, dysprosium has been used for laser materials.


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In order to make the activity of preventing and combating illegal exploitation of rare earth and maintain a  good order in mining industry. Recently, the Authority of the County mine and Public Security Bureau in Dingnan have taken the approach of the combination of sentinel and mobile publicities to fight against on illegal mining rare earth for  two weeks .

The sentinel publicity: In the the county downtown and Weizhen set point public the special laws and regulations and policies about rare earth, accept masses consulting this activity.And then hand out more than 2,000 promotional copies of the fight against illegal rare earth mining to passers.

The mobile publicity: Pubilc rare earth mining laws and regulations ,which is in Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China.And  public the stringent measures to combat illegal mining rare earth and report incentives, which is from the  Authority of the County mine and Public Security Bureau  . Through promotional vehicles with the  words "fight against on illegal mining rare earth" public the information and knowledge along the county to towns and villages repeatedly.


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China’s rare earth matters to the world. Ganzhou which enjoy the fame as “the kingdom of rare earth”, has developed into the distributing and producing center for rare earth raw material and smelt process from a mere resource base in recent years, making Ganzhou rare earth industry  a one-stop industrial pattern. Yan Chunhua, a NPC delegate and the dean of National Key Lab has been in the research of rare earth for 30 year.

Yan suggested that laboratory of Key Universities and relevant department of Ganzhou should work together in constructing a National-class research center, and further accelerate innovation and enhance the added value of the products meanwhile he recommend to form a reserve system for rare earth resources. “rare earth is of strategic meaning to our country, our country should exploit rare earth resources rationally and buy then back at a reasonable price.

Yan confess that although our country is an important rare earth exporting country, we are still lag behind in high-end technology, our voice in the international market is pretty weak actually, the situation could undermine our national interests. “I propose to build a rare earth futures transaction platform in Ganzhou, that will be of great help in strengthening the price-setting power of our country.”

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On March 11th, Jiangsu Rare Earth Committee released publicly the operating data for provincial enterprices dealing with smelting operation  in January. In Which the total output and sales volume is 602.73 ton and 695.38 ton respectively, rising 29.88% and 36.98% compared with that of last year. export volume increase by 22.42% to 124.13ton on a year-on-year bases. With regard to output value and revenue, however, these enterprices has greatly droped in the two indices. the revenue in January is $28.61577 m, fell by 48.54% compared with last year, export value is $3.7104 m, declined 87.19%. Profit of these enterprises fell at a dramastic rate at 177.49%, the profit margin was $3.24789m.

It is reported that ANSTO Minerals has completed preparation of feed material for the Ngualla solvent extraction (SX) Pilot Plan. The work was achieved using the simple sulphuric acid leach recovery process to treat a 1.3 tonne bulk sample of Ngualla rare earth mineralisation, which further verifies the robustness of the process flow sheet.

The ability to produce separated high purity products adds significant value to the project and allows access to wider markets for Ngualla’s products.

Highlights are as followed:
An average 83% recovery of rare earths in the acid leach stage was achieved from the bulk sample.
The work independently verifies the ‘Proof of Concept’ simple acid leach recovery flowsheet at a larger scale using a bulk composite of weathered Bastnaesite Zone rare earth mineralisation from Ngualla.
The rare earth chloride feed solution produced is exceptionally pure with thorium and uranium levels below detection limits.
An optimisation program on the acid leach and purification flowsheet is expected to improve process efficiencies further and Peak has commissioned ANSTO to complete this work.
The SX Pilot Plant remains on track to deliver four separated >99% purity rare earth oxide (REO) products successively over the next few months with the final product delivered by mid-2013.
In addition to providing product samples and specifications for assessment by potential off take customers, the work will provide detailed engineering data for the design of the full scale SX plant for inclusion in the Pre-Feasibility Study currently in progress.
The SX Pilot Plant work will confirm the end to end process of Ngualla mineralisation to high value products, demonstrating the de-risking of the project, and is a major step toward achieving production in early 2016.

Peak Managing Director Richard Beazley said “The independent verification of the Ngualla process flowsheet by ANSTO Minerals further demonstrates that Peak has a robust and reliable metallurgical treatment process that works for the weathered Bastnaesite mineralisation at Ngualla. Completion of the SX Pilot Plant work will place Peak amongst a very select few companies to have successfully produced high quality purified rare earth products.”


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Rare earth metals (REM) and rare earth elements (REE) are the collection of 17 earth elements in the periodic table, namely scandium, yttrium, and 15 lanthanides. Because of their unique magnetic, fluorescent and chemical properties, REM and REE are key materials used in science innovation.

Major rare earth applications are used in hybrid vehicles. For example the Toyota Prius,  contains 30 kg (65 lb) of REE. Rare earth elements are used in motors, metal hydride batteries, glass, autocatalysts, and electronics.

There are 15 accepted rare earth elements known as the lanthanides with atomic numbers 57 to 71 and are listed as follows: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.

                  

Promethium is a synthetic element which does not occur naturally is not generally included as a commodty. Yttrium is considered a rare earth since it tends to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibits similar chemical properties.

It has been the practice to report rare elements as a percentage oxide. The elements are initially reported from the lab in parts per million. The elements are converted to oxides with the following molecular formulas, La₂O₃, _Ce2O₃, Pr₂O₃, Nd₂O₃, Sm₂O₃, Eu₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, Tb₂O₃, Dy₂O₃, Ho₂O₃, Er₂O₃, Tm₂O₃, Yb₂O₃, Lu₂O₃, and Y2O3. Rare earth oxides are reported as total rare earth oxides (TREO) which is a simple addition of the percentages of the above 15 components.

Rare earth oxides are further classified as light rare earth oxides (LREO) which includes La₂O₃, _Ce2O₃, Pr₂O₃, Nd₂O₃ and Sm₂O₃, and heavy rare oxides (HREO) which includes Eu₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, Tb₂O₃, Dy₂O₃, Ho₂O₃, Er₂O₃, Tm₂O₃, Yb₂O₃, Lu₂O₃, and Y2O3.

As a rough measure of the value of an assay, heavy rare earth elements (HREO) are reported as a percentage of total rare earth oxides (TREO). In the coming years heavy rare earth elements will be more sought after since China, the world’s leading producer of rare earths, has indicated it will be curtailing exports in order to meet and secure their domestic needs. The short fall in production from other countries in the world will lead to an upward pressure on commodity prices.


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While there are many opportunities for  company that should have been included among the ‘chosen ones’. That company is Matamec Exploration. Matamec recently issued an update of the progress of the feasibility study for the proposed Kipawa heavy rare earths mine. The mine has earned the confidence of one of the largest corporations in the world, Toyota, which formed a joint venture with Toyota Tsusho Corp (‘Tsusho’, a trading company part of the Toyota Motor Co. group).

Toyota plans to source rare metals need make hybrid and electric vehicles. Under the deal, Tsusho acquired a 49% stake in Matamec’s Kipawa heavy rare earth (HREE) deposit in Quebec in return for a CAD$ 16 million investment to enable Matamec to complete a feasibility study on the property, which can now be expected by the second quarter of 2013. To date Matamec over CAD$ 12 million out of the total CAD$ 16 million for the completion of a definitive feasibility study. The Feasibility Study for Kipawa is proceeding as planned and the results are expected by the end of Q2 2013.

Tsusho delivered the first CAD$ 8.5 million tranche of the investment (amounting to 25% of the agreed upon interest in Kipawa) at the end of last summer. The actual amount of rare earths used in hybrid vehicles is small; however, these elements are absolutely crucial for the manufacturing of the magnets, superconductors, catalysts and batteries that are increasingly used in hybrid and electric vehicles. HREE’s are making it possible to reduce battery weight, dimensions while increasing their power in conjunction with developments in battery charging technology that will drive demand for EV’s and hybrids over the next few years.

                 

While the agreement is a boon for Matamec, which will be in strong financial position to develop its deposit to production stage, it is of even greater strategic value for Toyota Tsusho, which needs to secure rare earth elements. Indeed, in commercial terms, Matamec’s partner of choice offers immediate commercial applications.

The key elements of the implementation phase include the environmental impact study, sustainable development and of course the 2012 drilling campaign and estimation of mineral resources results among other aspects. The estimated capital costs for the operations are at an advanced stage and are expected to be finalized this spring. These estimates will be optimized by the next two months as well as infrastructure design will be reviewed in order to minimize the associated costs. Demand for rare earths could soon exceed supply, given that China produces 97% of these critical metals and is tightening the reins on exports. Matamec, meanwhile, “is the only rare earth exploration company to have received funds to accelerate and complete a feasibility study and an environmental and social impact assessment study of a HREE deposit”. If the yardstick is perhaps the time needed to complete the preliminary assessments and the availability of financing, Matamec satisfies Tracy’s PDAC Challenge as a worthy investment proposition.


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With sea ice thawing and new shipping routes opening in the Arctic, the former Cold War ally of the West has emerged from isolation as a geopolitical interest for governments seeking a share of untapped minerals and potential offshore oil and gas. Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist has opened up Greenland to investors over the last four years.

    

Lanthanum oxide finished as the week’s biggest mover in this week after dropping 6.4 percent. The past week saw cerium oxide close after a 6 percent decline.

The price of praseodymium neodymium oxide, however, rose 1.7 percent after falling 3.2 percent during the previous week.

Praseodymium oxide fell 1.3 percent over the past week. Dysprosium oxide remained unchanged for the week. Europium oxide prices held steady from the previous week.

The week finished with no movement for neodymium oxide. Rare earth carbonate remained essentially flat from the previous week. Samarium oxide traded sideways last week. Terbium metal remained unchanged for the week.


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