Uses of Rare Earth Elements

Rare earth metals and alloys that contain them are used in many devices that people use every day such as computer memory, DVDs, rechargeable batteries, cell phones, catalytic converters, magnets, fluorescent lighting and much more. 
 
During the past twenty years, there has been an explosion in demand for many items that require rare earth metals. Twenty years ago there were very few cell phones in use, but the number has risen to over 7 billion in use today. The use of rare earth elements in computers has grown almost as fast as cell phones. 
 
Many rechargeable batteries are made with rare earth compounds. Demand for the batteries is being driven by demand for portable electronic devices such as cell phones, readers, portable computers, and cameras. 
 
Several pounds of rare earth compounds are in batteries that power every electric vehicle and hybrid-electric vehicle. As concerns for energy independence, climate change and other issues drive the sale of electric and hybrid vehicles, the demand for batteries made with rare earth compounds will climb even faster. 
 
Rare earths are used as catalysts, phosphors, and polishing compounds. These are used for air pollution control, illuminated screens on electronic devices, and the polishing of optical-quality glass. All of these products are expected to experience rising demand. 
 
Other substances can be substituted for rare earth elements in their most important uses; however, these substitutes are usually less effective and costly. 
 
From the 1950s until the early 2000s, cerium oxide was a very popular lapidary polish. It was inexpensive and very effective. The recent price increases have almost eliminated the use of cerium oxide in rock tumbling and the lapidary arts. Other types of polish, such as aluminum and titanium oxide, are now used in its place.
 
 
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What Are Rare Earth Elements (REEs)?

Rare earth elements are a group of seventeen chemical elements that occur together in the periodic table (see image at right). The group consists of yttrium and the 15 lanthanide elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes classified as a rare earth element. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry includes scandium in their rare earth element definition. 
 
The rare earth elements are all metals, and the group is often referred to as the "rare earth metals." These metals have many similar properties and that often causes them to be found together in geologic deposits. They are also referred to as "rare earth oxides" because many of them are typically sold as oxide compounds.
 
 
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Japan intends to co-production with India in the field of electric vehicles for rare earths

It is reported that Japan will sign an agreement with India, scheduled for 2015 co-production of rare earths in India, in order to reduce dependence on China in this regard.

According to Nikkei Shimbun reported that Indian Rare Earth (Indian Rare Earths) as early as September signed an agreement with Japan's Toyota Tsusho to conduct a joint production of rare earths.

Indian RE company will produce uranium, thorium and other mixed rare earth materials, and supplies to Toyota Tsusho, which will use these materials for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, and other fields.

Supply will begin early next year in February, the annual production of rare earth about 2,000 to 2,300 tons, the equivalent of Japan's overall demand for rare earths by 15%.

China's rare earth production accounts for over ninety percent of global output, the past few years, the Chinese government gradually restrict the export of rare earths, Japan has been trying to reduce its reliance on China in this regard.


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India Inches into the Rare Earth Market

To say China is the main player in the rare earth element (REE) space is, of course, an understatement. The country lost an appeal regarding a World Trade Organization (WTO) ruling on its REE export restrictions last month, but it still controls the lion’s share of the market; that means any indication that another entity might take a share of the market, however small, is definitely worth some attention. 
 
According to Reuters, India is commissioning a plant that will produce as much as 5,000 tonnes of REEs annually. S. Surya Kumar, head of state-owned Indian Rare Earths’ Rare Earths Division, has not given a timeline for the plant’s development, but did say that it will be located in Odisha and will produce rare earth oxides by processing monazite from beach sand.
 
Once the plant is up and running, India could stand to contribute approximately 5 percent of global supply.
 
Japan, like the rest of the world, relies heavily on China for REEs. However, the resource is even more important for the island nation as REEs are necessary for the production of the electronics and computerized systems that make up a substantial portion of Japan’s exports.
 
It isn’t surprising then, that a subsidiary of Japan’s Toyota Tsusho (TSE:8015) has a hand in the newly commissioned Indian plant. Indeed, it’s already entered an agreement for half of its anticipated production. The partnership between the two looks to be going well so far, as International Business Times reported that Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Japan’s Shinzo Abe this week to discuss the contract further. Japan has also committed to doubling its overall direct investment in India over the next five years.
 
 
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India is expected to account for 5% of rare earth supply worldwide

According to reports, India's state-owned enterprise executives recently said that the Indian government is entrusted to a factory of 5,000 tonnes per year of rare earth production tasks. Thus, India is expected to achieve total global rare earth production accounts for 5% of the share. Despite India's production is not high, but for Japan and other countries, but it is good news.

India's Department of Atomic Energy is part of state-owned enterprises & mdash; & mdash;?? Indian Rare Earth RE department head S Zulia Kumar (S.SuryaKumar), said the plant will be located in India Bangaoli Sabangfrom beach sand through processing monazite soil to produce rare earth oxides. Production of rare earth in about half will be used for processing into lanthanum and cerium. These two elements are mainly used in the manufacture camera lens and glass polishing agent.

Kumar also said that Indian Rare Earth Company and Toyota Tsusho Corporation's Indian subsidiary abundance of rare earths have agreed to pass the two sides will work together to share the production of 5,000 tons of rare earth.

Japanese Economic News recently reported that Indian Prime Minister Modi (NarendraModi) will soon visit Japan, India is expected rare earth companies will be jointly produced with Toyota Tsusho on the issue of mixed rare earth sign a further agreement.

RE known as & ldquo; industrial vitamins & rdquo; reputation, has become an extremely important strategic resource, which in the field of petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, textiles, ceramics, glass, permanent magnet materials play an important role. REE oxides refers to the periodic table with atomic numbers 15 kinds of lanthanide oxide 57-71, and lanthanide oxides with similar chemical properties of scandium and yttrium total of 17 kinds of elements. With the continuous advancement of technology and breakthroughs in the application of technology, the value of rare earth oxides will be increasing.

According to RE ownership (including ore and semi-processed products), China, Russia, the United States, Australia is the world's rare earth has four major countries, China ranked first, accounted for 90 percent of the global total.


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U.S. FCC catalyst manufacturers to store large amounts of lanthanum

U.S. FCC catalyst manufacturers, said a lot of their annual procurement of Lanthanum for the petrochemical industry.

An industry source said these manufacturers have been in the procurement and purchases are very large, the amount is expected to be stored for a year.

They reason for this is that the bulk purchase price is more appropriate at present, but also worried about the future prices continue to fluctuate, but also walk the high trend.

Australian rare earth producer Lynas Corporation earlier this year, says FCC catalyst industry demand is very strong and is expected to lanthanum demand in 2020 will grow by 4% annually.

Other industry insiders also said the industry needs FCC catalysts has been increasing, part of the United States who will be attributed to the gradual improvement in economic conditions.

An American manufacturer of FCC catalysts Grace (WRGrace) in July 23 announced second quarter report that sales of catalyst technology sector grew 9%. And in the FCC catalyst sales, maintaining 10% growth sustained growth.

In the UK metal mesh previous reports, the first half of 2014 the export volume of lanthanum oxide was 5798 tons, an increase of 35%. Increase is mainly due to the growing demand for FCC industry.

But there are also people in the industry said that with heavy crude oil refining gasoline and other petrochemical products increasing demand, China's domestic demand for rare earth lanthanum is also increasing.

U.S. low-grade 2N lanthanum oxide prices in the $ 5.00-5.50 / kg, the price steady. 5N high-grade lanthanum oxide, associated with the FCC catalyst application is tight, it is learned in the recent price of $ 10-12 / kg.


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Rare Earth Producers Still Beholden to Chinese Supply

The performance of rare earths producers such as Australia’s Lynas Corp (ASX:LYC) and Molycorp (NYSE:MCP) is still tied to how much rare earths supply China releases into the market. However, the author saw things looking up overall for producers outside of China.
 
As quoted in the publication:
 
You could say that the non-Chinese rare earths miners and processors have been taken for fools. All that work, and then the market is again flooded, forcing prices lower. But it’s worth thinking again. While companies like Lynas Corp were funded on the back of rocketing prices, their very existence now means China’s monopolistic stranglehold is broken. Lynas may not be achieving great things as a share, but if it can manage to hang in there, it could have a good future when prices rise.
 
The rare earths story really isn’t that complex and in truth, the more market players, the more these rare earths become less “rare”. That can only be a good thing.
 
 
 
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Japanese imports of rare earths from India

Indian Prime Minister Modi will visit Japan on August 31, people have yet to Japanese media have reported visit to Japan & ldquo; achievements & rdquo ;. "Japanese Economic News" reported on the 28th in the headlines, Japan and India will reach an agreement on September 1, imports of rare earths from India.

The report said that Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Modi at the Tokyo talks, the Japanese companies and Indian companies to achieve common development and production of rare earth contract, the negotiations have been conducted for several years. Starting early next year in February, 2000-2300 tons of rare earth will be shipped from India to Japan. This is probably for the Japanese production of rare earths by 15% of the total.

"Japanese Economic News" commented that, before more than 90 percent of Japan's rare earths are imported from China, but since the collision occurred in Japan and Diaoyu Islands waters, China has reduced the amount of rare earth exports to Japan, making Japan uneasy. Since then, the Japanese government actively to increase rare earth import channels, and is committed to the development of substitute materials of rare earth, but there are still 60% of the rare earths to be imported from China. Imported from India to make rare Japanese imports of rare earth tend to diversify further, change the status quo of China's dependence. Apart from India, Japan is also working with Vietnam, Kazakhstan negotiate joint production of rare earth projects in order to diversify risk.

Indian leaders meeting in Japan & ldquo; China issues & rdquo; still more than rare. Japan's NHK television reported that Abe will be out for the China National Offshore activity is frequent, and India to discuss strengthening cooperation between the security field, the establishment of diplomatic and defense between Japan and India's cabinet members level consultation mechanism, and promised to provide loans to India. Japan's "Daily News" commented that the Indian Ocean is connected to the Middle East and other places in East Asia maritime traffic. China in recent years in the South Asian countries to strengthen the influence, Japan and India will issue a joint statement by the leaders of the talks between the two countries to strengthen the joint.

However, Japan and India would like to look into the honeymoon period is not easy. According to Japan's "Yomiuri Shimbun" reported on the 26th Fair Trade Commission of India to Japan in India 14 companies out of high fines, the amount of up to 43.2 billion yen (about 2.558 billion yuan). Right now, Japanese companies have expressed strong dissatisfaction against this practice in India relevant departments.


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Rare Earth Alliance Will Be Set Up

Seven domestic rare earth companies have formed an industrial alliance to sue Japan's Hitachi Metals for its patent monopoly in the United States.
 
Sun Baoyu, chairman of the board of Shenyang General Magnetic Co Ltd and leader of the alliance, said the companies want to end the longtime monopoly held by the Japanese firm in various international markets.
 
The alliance has already kick-started the process by hiring lawyers to ensure that their production process does not infringe on the Japanese company's patent rights. In addition, Sun and his alliance plan to prove the invalidity of three patents owned by Hitachi Metals Ltd, as part of its efforts to break the stereotype among potential customers.
 
The Japanese firm had the key intellectual property patent rights for neodymium iron boron untill July 8. Hitachi Metals holds more than 600 neodymium iron boron magnet patents and has authorized only eight Chinese companies with their 149 patents.
 
Hitachi's own material patent in the United States has expired, Sun said, adding that Chinese companies that had development and processing patents that are different from those of the Japanese company should be allowed to sell their products in the US markets.
 
China has about 200 neodymium iron boron magnet producers, with five companies having annual production capacity of more than 3,000 metric tons and 20 with capacity of between 1,000 and 3000 metric tons.
 
If the Japanese firm's patents are held valid, then domestic companies can sell their products only within China. Sun said the production of neodymium iron boron magnet products has remainedstagnant at about 80,000 metric tons, of which, one-fourth is patented and the rest is either sold domestically or pending approval of patents in overseas markets.
 
"Very few international customers would be interested in our products because of the influence of Hitachi's patents," said Sun. Chinese producers have to compete in the low-end market where many have been suffering from losses and production suspensions.
 
The alliance has been sell its products since July and received interest from many international customers, Sun said.
 
Neodymium iron boron magnets are widely used in high-technology industries, from new-energy automobiles to mobile phones. It is estimated that an iPhone has at least 10 components where neodymium iron boron magnets are used. China already accounts for 90 percent of the global rare earth supplies. Rare earths are a group of minerals that have a wide range of uses in high-tech sectors such as defense and renewable energy.
 
 
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Japan and India intends to develop rare earth enterprises

Comprehensive Japanese media reported that Toyota Tsusho and other Japanese enterprises have basically reached a consensus with the Indian companies will jointly develop rare earths in India, and in 2015 exports to Japan. Japanese Prime Minister is expected Shinzo Abe and Indian Prime Minister Modi will show support to develop during talks in Tokyo on September 1. It is reported that export scale will reach one thousand tons or more.

Japanese and Indian companies from a few years ago began negotiations around the issues of rare earth exports, and now finally settled in terms of price. The Japanese and Indian firms to jointly develop rare earth rich sources of procurement or Japanese companies, is expected to achieve a stable supply.

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Indian Prime Minister Modi recently to reach a common production plan at the Tokyo summit. It is reported that Indian companies from uranium and thorium ore production of mixed rare earth materials, the use of Toyota Tsusho production of electric and hybrid vehicles required for rare earth materials neodymium, lanthanum, cerium and praseodymium and other rare earth materials.

India hopes among Japan's Prime Minister Modi's visit to get support for a nuclear agreement and its huge market to attract investment.


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