The yttrium tungsten electrode is a composite electrode made from tungsten and yttrium, created by adding an appropriate amount of yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) as a modifier to a pure tungsten electrode. Its English name is yttrium tungsten electrode, with a common grade of WY20, a blue color-coded tip, diameters ranging from 0.5mm to 12.0mm, and lengths typically of 150mm or 175mm.

Ammonium metatungstate (AMT) is a significant tungstate compound, typically represented by the chemical formula (NH₄)₆H₂W₁₂O₄₀·nH₂O (where n is the number of water molecules of crystallization, commonly 1 or 2). Structurally, it belongs to the polyoxometalate family known as "tungsten clusters." Its core structure consists of 12 tungsten-oxygen octahedra connected through shared oxygen atoms, forming a cyclic or cage-like framework, with ammonium ions and protonated water molecules filling the gaps.

Tungsten putty is a novel tungsten product made by bonding tungsten powder with a high-molecular polymer. Unlike typical tungsten products, it differs significantly in both shape and physicochemical properties. It is neither in the form of tungsten oxide powder nor the appearance of high-density tungsten alloys.

The electronic work function of barium tungsten electrode is its core performance indicator, which directly affects its emission efficiency, operating temperature and life as a hot cathode. The factors affecting the electronic work function of barium tungsten electrode mainly include the following aspects: