1970s Shanghai Bulb developed into cerium tungsten electrodes , then realized industrialization . Rare earth cerium than thorium (Th) has a higher electron emission features, but is a non- radioactive elements. Arc made ​​application performance comparison results : 2% ahead of Japan 2% cerium tungsten thorium tungsten, 4% better than 2% cerium tungsten, cerium tungsten ( No 4% thoriated tungsten electrode ) , specific performance: arc high compression , slender arc stability, energy concentration, arcing power or low voltage, arc breaking spacing, life doubled. 4% cerium tungsten electrodes applications , capturing the processing of cotton textiles shrink " shrink machine key components damping damping stick " plasma thermal spraying the surface finish of the storm , breaking the monopoly of foreign companies , foreign exchange value of the needle cotton greatly increased. Ministry of Geology research with platinum foil tube sealing technology, the requirements do not make the barrel of liquid volatile chemicals reduction of the problem, but also with 4% cerium tungsten electrodes only solution .

MEW already provides that where more than ten thousand kilowatts generator must Shanghai Bulb cerium tungsten electrodes welding , quality assurance. Defense with a laser device is life after cerium tungsten electrodes with thorium tungsten electrode from the original ten minutes , up to hundreds of hours of energy and light load efficiency is also improved, the battle to solve practical problems . 1982 China's offshore missile tests, foreign -made laser performance over competing devices , including cerium tungsten electrodes show a huge role . In addition, in beacon lights, road lights aircraft , fundus fluorescein camera lights , lamps and other lighting layout more than 140 kinds of gas discharge light source applied and achieved good results . Currently, 2% cerium tungsten electrodes have been included in the international standard , China has also developed a national standard cerium tungsten electrodes , so that the formation of the first in the world can replace thoriated tungsten series of international standards to add 1%, 2 %, 3% , 4% of the non-radioactive standard cerium tungsten electrodes .


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Cerium tungsten electrodes in tungsten adding rare earth cerium oxide powder metallurgy and rolling through grinding and polishing process made of tungsten electrode products, is the earliest production of non-radioactive tungsten electrodes product that is characterized by the low current conditions has excellent arc performance , dimensional arc current is small . Therefore, it is commonly used in pipes, stainless steel products and welding of small precision parts . Conditions at low current DC electrode diameter 2.0mm or less , cerium tungsten electrodes thorium tungsten electrode is preferred alternatives.

Grade , Composition, Color , Work Function

Model grades Added Impurity Impurity quantity% doping doping % Other Impurities% of its

He miscellaneous mass % Tungsten% tungsten % Electric discharged power Color sign electron work function color

WC20 CeO2 1.80-2.20 <0.20 margin The rest 2.7-2.8 Ash Grey

The advantage is cerium tungsten X- ray dose and antioxidant properties than thorium tungsten have been greatly improved ; electronic thorium tungsten electrode work function than about 10 %, the arc easier and better arc stability . Also cerium tungsten chemical stability, cathode spot is small, low pressure drop, burning and less , so is the most widely used TIG welding a tungsten electrode . Commonly used tungsten chemical composition and grade of pure tungsten W1 W ≥ 99.92 SiO2 ≤ 0.03 Fe2O3Al2 ≤ 0.03 Mo ≤ 0.01 CaO thorium tungsten WTH-7 W margin other impurities is not more than the total mass fraction of 0.15%.

Cerium tungsten WCe-20 W margin CeO1.8-2.2 SiO2 ≤ 0.06 Fe2O3AI2O3 ≤ 0.02 Mo ≤ 0.01 CaO ≤ 0.01 cerium tungsten low electron work function , high chemical stability , allowing current density, non-radioactive , is currently a commonly used electrodes of pure tungsten high melting and boiling points , easy to melt volatile , burning, cutting-edge , less pollution, but the electron emission is poor, is not conducive to the stability of arc burning. Thorium tungsten electron emission capability, allowing high current density arc burning more stable, but with a certain radioactive elements thorium , promote the application be affected. Zirconium tungsten electrode on the need to prevent contamination of the base metal under special conditions , you can use this tungsten . This is easy to maintain the hemispherical tip of the electrode , suitable for AC welding .


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In one aspect, a bucking bar device for use in riveting parts together is described. In one embodiment, the bucking bar device includes a bucking bar, and a sleeve positioned so that the bucking bar extends within the sleeve. One end of thesleeve is configured to be positioned adjacent to at least one of the parts.

In another aspect, a sleeve for use with a bucking bar device including a bucking bar is described. The sleeve includes a cylinder engaging sleeve member having threads on an internal surface, and an intermediate sleeve member having threads onan outer surface. The intermediate sleeve member is in threaded engagement with the cylinder engaging sleeve member. A non-marring sleeve member is at least partially inserted into the intermediate sleeve member and extends therefrom.

In yet another aspect, a method for installing a rivet is provided. The method includes the steps of setting a recess between an impact face of a bucking bar device and a reference surface of a bucking bar sleeve assembly operatively attachedto the bucking bar device to form a bucking bar and sleeve assembly, placing an end surface of the bucking bar sleeve assembly around a buck tail of the rivet to be set and against the surface of the material to be riveted, and compressing the buck tailof the rivet using the bucking bar and sleeve assembly until the impact face of the bucking bar no longer impacts the buck tail of the rivet.

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Here is an excellent quick and short guide on how to avoid buying fake gold coins and fake gold bars, with some background on the recent scare stories about counterfeit coins sourced from China. By the way, never bite a gold coin to test it - you'll either ruin the coin or break your teeth.

It's good to read that fake bullion gold Eagles and fake gold Maples, at least, are extremely rare; but as for historical gold coins of very high value, fakes are more likely, since there is such a great potential profit over and above the gold value for the counterfeiters.
In dealing with the subject of fake gold bars, the author also gives the best informed account I've read about why the recent 'fake gold bars made of tungsten' story is an urban myth.

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Now that the economy is collapsing, investors are becoming more interested in gold. Here's an item from PopSci that says it wouldn't be too difficult to make convincing fake gold bars out of gold-plated tungsten (which costs $30 a pound compared to $12,000 a pound for gold).

start with a tungsten slug about 1/8-inch smaller in each dimension than the gold bar you want, then cast a 1/16-inch layer of real pure gold all around it. This bar would feel right in the hand, it would have a dead ring when knocked as gold should, it would test right chemically, it would weigh *exactly* the right amount, and though I don't know this for sure, I think it would also pass an x-ray fluorescence scan, the 1/16" layer of pure gold being enough to stop the x-rays from reaching any tungsten. You'd pretty much have to drill it to find out it's fake.   

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Tungsten alloy shot is used as the shot for shotgun hunting shells. The pellets spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets, which means that the energy of any one ball of shot is fairly low. Tungsten alloy shot can be used by Benelli M4.

The Benelli M4 is an Italian semi-automatic shotgun manufactured by Benelli Armi SpA.

The Benelli M4 was the first gas-operated shotgun produced by Benelli. Its function is designed around an entirely new method called the "auto regulating gas operated" (ARGO) system. The ARGO system on the Benelli M4 opened the door for Benelli's development of the R1 rifle line. The design uses two stainless-steel self-cleaning pistons located just ahead of the chamber to function opposite the rotating bolt, thereby eliminating the need for the complex mechanisms found on other gas-actuated automatics. Benelli accomplishes this level of reliability through the simplicity of the mechanism. The ARGO is a short-stroke system that incorporates only four parts. It consists of two symmetrical shrouds containing two small steel gas pistons.

Tungsten alloy shot is used as the shot for shotgun hunting shells. The pellets spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets, which means that the energy of any one ball of shot is fairly low. Tungsten alloy shot can be used by FP6.

FP6 is a pump-action combat shotgun that was manufactured by the Italian firearms company Fabbrica Bresciana Armi S.p.A. (FABARM) and merchandised by Heckler & Koch. It was intended for civilian and law enforcement use.

Tungsten alloy shot has high density and high hardness, so FP6 has good performance with tungsten alloy shot.



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Cerium Tungsten Electrodes Applications

Cerium tungsten electrode material in addition to the welding , plasma arc welding , displaced thorium tungsten electrode , the plasma cutting , plasma spraying , plasma melting the application effect is satisfactory . In addition, as the pump laser light source to cerium tungsten electrodes after replacing thoriated tungsten electrodes , so that the light source efficiency by about 12% , life expectancy increased by 5 to 10 times. In the electric light , for small and medium power xenon lamp has been used cerium tungsten electrodes , the electric vacuum , cerium tungsten material as the sealing member having a good use of effects .

Cerium Tungsten Electrodes Problems And Trends

Although cerium tungsten electrode material in a small tungsten electrodes for welding specifications had succeeded in replacing thoriated tungsten , but as AC welding electrodes and high-power xenon lamps and other aspects of the cathode gas discharge light source material , the use of cerium tungsten electrodes with thorium performance and life tungsten compared to the peaks and valleys are still unstable situation . Further, since the cerium has a high vapor pressure , and thus as the cathode material , there are still fast decay , poor stability . Thus in these areas are still using thorium tungsten electrode material .

With the progress and development of modern industry , welding, cutting the base material of the species, size and shape of the increasingly numerous , but in the field of welding is the rise since the resumption shou automatic welding , a series of new high- precision welding technology, the electrode materials and arc features a higher and more demanding requirements. Thorium tungsten , cerium tungsten electrode material , whether in arc starting , stable arc burning resistance or in terms of performance are unable to meet the growing requirements of welding technology . To this end , national science and technology workers are working on a new type of electron-emitting material . Studies have shown that adding tungsten matrix lanthanum or yttrium and other rare earth oxides , can greatly improve the ability of tungsten electron emission , especially lanthanum tungsten electrode material , from small to large current current range , all with excellent arc, arc stability and resistance to burning performance. Japan in the late 1980s has been able to mass production of rare earth tungsten electrode material , shortly thereafter , China has successfully developed . It is anticipated that this new type of electron emission materials will be involved in many industrial fields , use more widely, promising .


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China started to develop in the 1970s, cerium tungsten electrode material , after nearly 10 years of production practice , the production process tends to be stable and mature , in the early 1980s , the country and internationally cerium tungsten electrode material for the production of patents. In the production process , how to make a tungsten doped ceria -based in vivo distribution and dispersion , the electrode is to improve the electron emission capability , improved arc performance , extend the life of one of the important factors . Therefore, the choice of raw materials , usually by blue tungsten oxide or doped tungsten oxide , and the doping agent is not used directly cerium oxide , instead of using the soluble salts such as cerium chloride or cerium nitrate . This aqueous solution as the mother liquor , add inwards blue tungsten trioxide or tungsten , during the addition , the heating and stirring continuously , and concentrated by evaporation to form a coating powder. Doping can also be an aqueous solution of cerium nitrate, cerium chloride or spray containing tungsten blue oxide powder, tungsten or a special container ( heat while rotating ) . The powder doped must be heated to a certain temperature , the salts decompose to form cerium oxide particles distributed in the tungsten trioxide powder, tungsten or blue on the surface of the particles , and then after hydrogen reduction , to obtain W-CeO2 powder. CeO2 content of 1% to 4%, selected according to requirements . Doped powder after molding, burn , vertical melt , get cerium tungsten billet , see doped tungsten its production process , but its swaged temperature slightly higher for 1500 ~ 1600 ℃.

As the electrode material , the level of electron work function is the amount of material raft electron emission performance is an important indicator of good or bad . Only a low electron work function , in order to meet the arc stability, focus , load current density process performance requirements. Experiments show that cerium tungsten electrodes with thorium tungsten electrode is lower than the electron work function ( pure tungsten electron work function of 4.55eV, W-2% ThO2 is 2.7eV, W-2% CeO2 is 2.4eV ) , this electrode material than thoriated tungsten electrode has greater advantages . First , cerium tungsten electrodes electron emission capability , easy to get a slim arc , so that the heat is more concentrated , the allowable current density thoriated tungsten electrodes increased by 5 % to 8% . Secondly , cerium tungsten electrodes burning rate, long life , easy to arc initiation and stability are guaranteed . Again , cerium tungsten electrodes radioactive dose is very low, and only about one thousandth of thorium tungsten materials , the equivalent radiation dose earth soil . So instead of using cerium tungsten electrodes thorium tungsten electrode , not only can eliminate the production and use of human cumulative internal radiation hazards, and eliminating radioactive contamination of the environment , but also in technical performance and the results are also able to replace thoriated tungsten electrodes , Some properties even superior than thorium tungsten material .


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A plastic and metal powder produced by the method for processing a certain amount of the tungsten oxide of cerium (≤ 4%) of the electrode material . Cerium tungsten electrode material is a non-radioactive electrode material , it is since the 1950s to replace the radioactive thorium tungsten electrode material and gradually developed . This electrode material in an inert gas shielded arc welding and plasma welding , cutting, etc. has been widely applied .

Thorium tungsten electrode is used to start the early 1950s , it was added in tungsten ≤ 3% of thorium oxide . This material has a high electron emission capability , resistance to burning and arcing good performance ; However, because thorium is radioactive elements in the production, storage and use of the process prone to radioactive pollution, endangering human health , and thus from the mid-1950s , people have carried out research work on behalf of thorium materials . In 1956, the United States Lewis (A.Louis) conducted directly in the metal tungsten powder, 0.5 to 3.0% cerium oxide powder of testing, and then compacts melt down , rotary forging of welding electrodes . Two years later he cerium oxide content is reduced to 0.01% to 0.30% , so that the processing performance is improved. U.S. 1965 Herman (J.Hermann) using fine tungsten powder pressed into a pure green , green , or after this billet burn- soaked in a solution of rare earth salt , to achieve doping by imbibition , followed by sintering, according to the conventional method swaged to the desired diameter . 1967 ROMON Ivanov (V.N.Romonov) developed a 1% cerium oxide containing cerium tungsten material , the preparation process is: under 800 ~ 850 ℃ calcined ammonium paratungstate, tungsten trioxide , and the cerium nitrate an aqueous solution of a salt or oxide incorporated in the suspension of tungsten trioxide , tungsten trioxide and then doped with hydrogen good a reduced tungsten powder . Ethanol and glycerol mixture after a pressure of 600MPa into a 9mm × 9mm × 400mm billet bar , after burn-in and vertical melt , the billet of CeO2 content of 0.87% , when the swaging process , the heating temperature for the 1475 ~ 1500 ℃.


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