In generally, when tungsten content is less than 90%, comprehensive properties of tungsten alloy decrease for overmuch binder phase. The decreasing of properties is primary shown that tensile strength and density of tungsten alloy is low, which cannot satisfy with the requirement of density and tensile strength. With the increasing of tungsten content, tensile strength of tungsten alloy increases slightly. However, with the increasing of sintering temperature, tungsten grain in tungsten alloy coarsens and elongation of tungsten alloy descends.

When tungsten content reaches 93%~95%, tungsten alloy has ideal microscopic structure. Tensile strength and elongation are the best. Continuation of adding tungsten content will make tungsten grain large and contact with tungsten grain will be increased consumedly too. Tensile strength of tungsten alloy decreases significantly. The elongation of tungsten alloy decreases closely to line with the increasing of tungsten content. When tungsten content is more than 97%, tensile strength and elongation decrease significantly. When tungsten content is more than 98%, the elongation of tungsten alloy is closed to zero. So, to achieve better comprehensive properties, the tungsten content is usually controlled between 90% and 96%.


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Applications:
1.Sintered tungsten tubes are widely applied in industry furnace such as sapphire growth furnace, quartz glass melting furnace, and rare earth smelting furnace since the melting point of tungsten has reached 3410℃; 
2.Tungsten tubes are more and more widely used in solar, photovoltaic industry and quartz glass melting field because of its high utilization.

Features:
1.The overall density of sintered tungsten tube is between 18g/cm3 to 18.3g/cm3;
2.Its purity is over 99.95%

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Tungsten heavy alloy parts are specially made from tungsten heavy alloy. They own the properties of high temperature recrystallization, high ductility and excellent wear-resistant. The recrystallization temperature of tungsten heavy alloy part is higher than 1,500℃.

Application
1. Tungsten heavy alloy parts can be widely used in illumination, electric vacuum device, tube component element in cathode-ray pipe and power semiconductor device
2. They are also adopted in tools for manufacturing glass and glass fiber, internal part in light bulbs, high temperature heat shield and annealing filament and electrode
3. Tungsten heavy alloy parts are also produced for high temperature container and component in microwave magnetron
4. Other applications of tungsten heavy alloy parts:Balancing weights; High temperature moulds; Protection shields for high-energy rays Electro-heat upsetting anvil block; The core of armour piercing shell.

Features
1. The density and hardness of tungsten heavy alloy parts is higher than that of other material-made rods. They have a very high density between 16.8g/cm3 to 18.75g/cm3;
2. They possess high temperature and corrosion resistance properties;
3. The alloy parts have wonderful shock resistance and machinery plasticity;
4. Tungsten heavy alloy parts are of low thermal expansion coefficient high absorption capacity of high-energy rays.


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Elongation and strength of tungsten alloy are sensitive to tungsten alloy porosity. Gas exists in the pore and makes pore happen Ostwald ripening Coarsening, during sintering. Lengthening soaking time will cause bulk effect to billets. When porosity is larger than 0.5%~1.0%, the porosity has serious influence on the characteristics of high density alloy, even more serious than interface segregation of oxygen.

Chun researched about the influence on the characteristic of alloy caused by the formation of pore in W-Ni-Fe alloy. When relative density of alloy was 99%, the shapes and sizes of relic tiny pore could also cause significantly descending or instability of alloy. German researched about the influence on elongation of tungsten caused by porosity. When soaking time was longer than 2h, the pore would grow seriously and the elongation of tungsten alloy descended. While the porosity is larger than 1%, the elongation of tungsten alloy would descend sharply.


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Tungsten alloy materials need to be heated by 600~800℃ before swaging . The conventional swaging deformation amount ranges from 10% to 15%. The maximum deformation generally is not more than by 25%~30%. Otherwise, tungsten alloy materials cause breakage easily. Tungsten alloy materials need relief annealing after being forged. The rang of annealing temperature is from 500℃ to 1100℃. Usually, heating, swaging and annealing are treated as a cycle.

The swaging working hardening tungsten alloy materials have the phenomenon of inhomogeneous mechanical property. The intensity, elongation and hardness of core differs form the intensity, elongation and hardness of surface quite. The reason is that metal begins to deform and extent is increasing gradually from coning area to sizing area. In sizing area, the metal only endures small deformation. The deforming extent of metal reach maximum in coning area and transition section of sizing area. For that, the deforming speed difference of tungsten alloy materials increases from the entrance to exist of coning area. That results in additional flexion deformity on surface of metal.


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To reduce the deformation of tungsten alloy EFP in recycle medium as far as possible, recycle medium generally adopts polyfoam, serrago, cotton yarn, mixture of serrago and sand or woods, etc. According to the difference of shape, speed, materials or others of tungsten alloy EFP, confirm the distance of recycling and use the combination of different recycle medium thickness.

The soft recovery tungsten alloy EFP, on one hand, can prove accuracy of design and provide basis for the calculation of penetration. On the other hand, it can be used for the design and manufacturing mould of blowdown wind tunnel for the research of aerodynamic force. It can also express the properties of tungsten alloy warhead.


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Tungsten's primary application for over 100 years has been as the tungsten filament in incandescent light bulbs. Doped with small amounts of potassium-aluminum silicate, tungsten powder is sintered at high temperature to produce tungsten filament that is in the center of light bulbs that light millions of homes around the world.

Due to tungsten's ability to keep its shape at high temperatures, tungsten filament is now also used in a variety of household applications, including lamps, floodlights, heating elements in electrical furnaces, microwave ovens, x-ray tubes and cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) in computer monitors and television sets. The metal's tolerance to intense heat also makes it ideal for thermocouples and electrical contacts in electric arc furnaces and welding equipment. Applications that require a concentrated mass, or weight, such as counterweights, fishing sinkers and darts often use tungsten because of its density.

Electrical contacts are subjected to extreme mechanical and thermal stresses during operation. For fractions of a second, temperatures rise to several thousand degrees as a result of the arcing. Only Tungsten copper materials will stand these high temperature & aberration.

Tungsten copper materials have good resistance to arc erosion, mechanical wear, contact welding and good conductivity. They are usually selected for oil, gas, air or vacuum, devices. The contact surfaces will oxidize when switched in air. These press-sinter-infiltrate materials should only be considered for arcing surfaces in air when used as arcing tips, arc plates and arc runners. When switching with moderate contact arcing, the Tungsten Copper with a high copper content may give the lowest erosion. As arcing severity increases, the Tungsten copper with the higher refractory content withstand arc erosion better. Tungsten coppers are also used as arcing edges of selector switchblades in transformer tap changers.


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1. Environmentally Friendly
Tungsten is much more environmentally friendly than lead. In fact, according to the U.S. Government's Priority List of Hazardous Substances, lead is the second most hazardous substance (Arsenic being #1).

2. Higher Density
Lead has a density of about 10 g/cc, but with tungsten, you can achieve densities of up to 18.6 g/cc! Higher density means smaller parts for the same weight.

3. Non-Toxic Alternative
Lead has already been phased out of kids’ toys, electronics, and electrical equipment. New regulations for lead paint removal go into effect in April 2010. At some point all lead use will be phased out, so why not get a jump on finding environmentally-friendly lead alternatives, like tungsten?

4. Hardness
Tungsten comes in many alloys, from a machinable alloy to a diamond-hard one. The alloy can be tailored to each specific application. Wear resistance and heat resistance are just two of hundreds of suitable applications.

5. Highest Melting Point
Despite its incredible hardness, tungsten can still be melted. However, at 6170°F (3410°C), tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal.

6. Versatility
Due to its high density and high melting point, tungsten is as versatile as lead, if not more so. Tungsten can be used as a lead replacement for a variety of applications:
a.Ammunition (tungsten shot),
b.Industrial (flywheels, cases, dies, rods, plates)
c.Jewelry (rings, bracelets)
d.Radiation Shielding (the protective mats radiologists use when taking your x-rays)
e.Sport (darts, golf clubs, fishing weights and lures)
f.Stationery (the tips used in ballpoint pens)
g.Weights (balance weights, wheel weights)

7. Cheap Disposal
Since Tungsten is environmentally friendly, there, are no federally mandated disposal costs associated with getting rid of tungsten, as there are with lead.

8. Recyclable
Tungsten parts are manufactured from powder using a powder metallurgy process. This allows each tungsten part to be recycled back to its original powder form. The recycling cost is relatively small and the process is well known and available in every country. There is a very small loss in tungsten recycling.

9. Highly Corrosion Resistant
Like lead, tungsten has excellent corrosion resistance, and is only attacked slightly by most mineral acids.

10. Appearance
Tungsten alloys can be plated and polished, thereby offering a wide variety of finishes.


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Density of WHA (tungsten heavy alloy) is the single most important property that makes WHA the material of choice for a given application.  The selection of a specific composition for a given density application may ultimately be made on the basis of concurrent mechanical property requirements or sintering considerations, unless a specific value of density is critical.  WHAs can approach the density of pure tungsten and DU without the high cost of the former or the licensing and special handling requirements of the latter.

As is true with most mechanical designs, the optimum design is the one that adequately addresses all critical parameters and offers the best compromise of the remaining options.  As the density of WHA is increased, the available ductility decreases.  Alloy density varies according to tungsten content, as can be seen in the following table of Tungsten Products standard alloys.

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