Kinetic energy penetrator armor-piercing capability (speed, quality) and artillery material determines their physical properties when the shells hit the target. The kinetic energy depends on the speed and quality at speeds in certain circumstances, be increased to increase the quality of artillery projectile kinetic energy penetrators therefore generally made ​​of high density, hard, high temperature metals. At present the material more widely used is tungsten alloy and depleted uranium, but because depleted uranium has a radiation, so use less.

Promote the progress of science and technology to gradually increase the power of the penetrator. In evaluating the piercing armor-piercing capability, the standard is much more commonly used military homogeneous steel armor piercing mm depth equivalent. In World War II, the most famous German 88MM gun fired projectile can penetrate 200MM homogenous steel armor. Currently, tungsten alloy penetrators German L55120MM caliber tank gun fired homogenous steel armor can breakdown 810MM on the 2000M distance; in China, 99 tanks equipped with a tungsten alloy penetrators 125MM artillery fired on with a 850 mm armor-piercing capability same distance.




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The development of tungsten alloy penetrators materials has made considerable progress on technology, but there are still some drawbacks. So it  need to study tungsten alloy penetrators in depth :

1: Increase research utilization, scientific environmental aspects of the recovery of tungsten alloys. Strengthen missile recycling tungsten alloy and tungsten scrap cuttings and low raw consumption technology research and development.

2: Strengthening research on tungsten alloy penetrators performance and insulation piercing sensitivity aspects. Armor-piercing shells performance is the most important performance indicators tungsten alloy, relatively few studies in this respect, especially playing board study of the mechanism of action is not deep enough, should also strengthen research adiabatic susceptibility tungsten alloy materials.

3: Research to improve air defense missile systems and armor-piercing capability of damage, enhance the tungsten alloy brittle material and wear Bouncing burning complex functional elastomer material.

4: High Strength Composite armor-piercing tungsten is an important development direction of future ultra high-speed kinetic energy penetrators should be further strengthened with ultra high-speed kinetic studies tungsten penetrator projectile beam composite materials, targeted to carry out bomb with a tungsten alloy corrosion protection technology research.


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Fishing beads can be as an attractor or be a component of the rig when you are fishing.

Fishing beads can be made from plastic, brass, lead, tungsten and so on. And they come in many different colors.

There are also luminous beads made of plastic which glow in low light when the water you are fishing has low visibility to attract fish.

However, tungsten alloy fishing bead becomes more and more popular because of its good properties.

Tungsten fishing bead is made from tungsten alloy, so some peple call tungsten alloy fishing bead as tungsten fishing bead.





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Tungsten alloy is excellent material which is used to shield the x-rays and gamma rays . The shield tungsten alloy can be used in the medical field such as shield Brachytherapy and positron emission tomography.

Brachytherapy, also known as in internal exposure. When the human body is difficult to track the tumor tissue ,it can be used to inject (one of brachytherapys ) to replace radiotherapy. Injecting radioactive particles can be accurately placed evenly around the tumor. Before and after treatment, radioactive seeds are stored in tungsten alloy products, so that doctors and patients from harm.

Positron emission tomography (PET) .tracer isotope will be injected to the human body, and brain tissue encounter electrons positron isotope released ,the annihilation effect will occur, resulting in almost the opposite direction of the pair of rays γ- can a special device to be detected, whereby the position of the distribution of the isotope can be obtained, which is a method for diagnostic nuclear medicine techniques. When X-rays illuminate the body structure, PET can show the individual chemical functions of internal organs. PET of DNA to be injected, the injection from the syringe into the patient. As DNA passes through the patient's body, it will release gamma rays, gamma camera lights by chemical activities and internal organs such cells can be seen. Tungsten alloy and tungsten can be applied to PET syringe needle shielding.


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Tungsten alloy gamma shield has high-density , the small physical size, high rigidity and the effectiveness of the shielding characteristics,  therefore it has a strong value.Applications of gamma radiation shield tungsten alloy has two main aspects:

1: medicine. Gamma ray is mainly used in the medical and therapeutic drugs to kill certain types of cancer and tumors, but in this process, the gamma ray will inevitably damage other cells in our body. Therefore, we need to control tungsten gamma shield gamma rays.

2: industry. Geological logging tungsten gamma radiation shield: Geological logging is an exploration technology, mainly for the oil and gas industry. It is also known as wire-line logging and well logging. Gamma ray source, and reduce radiation penetrates well into the formation, and then can be analyzed from these data, to determine the presence of gas or petroleum. Tungsten alloy for shielding radioactive sources, but also used in γ-ray collimator. Gamma rays in the industry, for the detection of internal defects of metal castings and welded structures, industrial radiography, industrial radiography using a gamma-ray detector material, commonly used in metal and concrete structures fault, in this case, we need to tungsten gamma shield γ-rays to protect our body. Pipeline patrol lines and tungsten collimator device also uses a tungsten gamma radiation shield.


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Carbide ( Or rather called Tungsten Carbide and Titanium Carbide) is normal materials which are widely used for any kinds of cutting tools. For example: Saw Blades, Lathe Tools, Drill, Turning and Milling Tools and Dental Bits are always made from Carbide Materials. Carbide is widely used at these tools because carbide's wear-resistant, sharper and useful time is longer than other materials. In additional, carbide balls are also used in pen tips, because it is more wear-resistant.
 
Like tools of tungsten carbide saw blades, its main body is made from Steel. Tungsten Carbide Tips is brazed on the saw blades. Fine-quality tungsten carbide tips is excellent wear-resistant, its useful time can up to 20 times than Steel tips.
 
Tungsten carbide tips has turned in the last, but you can re-grind them just like you grind steel tools, but tungsten carbide tips is harder, so grinding tools is different. Normally, we use diamond tools or tungsten carbide grinding wheels.
 
Most of the whole tools are not made from carbide, because carbide's price is very expensive and it is very brittle. So, steel is better materials which are used for making main body, it is more stronger, not easy to crack and broken.

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The mining industry has one of the highest demands for tools that have high wear-resistant, as working in a mine involves cutting through hard rock, often spanning several miles. Having tools that are resistant to wear means the company doesn’t have to replace their tools often, preventing money lost due to down times. Thus, there is a need for tungsten carbide coating of tools that do not wear out easily, ensuring continued productivity for longer periods of time.

Before the use of these tungsten carbide coating tools, mining was primarily done using pick axes and shovels, to be replaced later on by tools made of steel. Where shovels relied on pure manpower to get the job done, steel tools did a better job, albeit, they were susceptible to wear.

Then came carbide tools. Since tools made of tungsten carbide are tougher and more wear-resistant, these tools are able to perform their job faster and for a longer time when compared to steel tools.

Mining companies are always on the lookout for more abrasion resistant tools beyond the usual tungsten carbide-coated tools. Cemented carbide was developed by combining tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, and cobalt. This combination is even harder than regular carbine, while further improving ordinary tungsten carbine’s heat resistance ability.

Diamond may also be added to the tools, as diamond is the toughest material on the planet, which can easily cut through practically any material.

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The word tungsten means "heavy stone" in Swedish. The chemical symbol for tungsten is W which stands for wolfram. The name came from medieval German smelters who found that tin ores containing tungsten had a much lower yield. It was said that the tungsten devoured the tin "like a wolf". Pure tungsten metal was first isolated by two Spanish chemists, the de Elhujar brothers in 1783. Tungsten is a greyish-white lustrous metal, which is a solid at room temperature. Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids.

Chemical Properties

Electrochemical Equivalent: 1.1432g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function: 4.55eV
Electronegativity (Pauling): 2.36
Heat of Fusion: 35.4kJ/mol
Incompatiblities:
Bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, fluorine, iodine pentafluoride
Ionization Potential
First: 7.98
Valance Electron Potential (-eV): 140

Physical Properties

Atomic Mass Average: 183.85
Boiling Point: 5928K 5655°C 10211°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion:
0.0000046cm/cm/°C (0°C)
Conductivity
Electrical: 0.189 106/cm
Thermal: 1.74 W/cmK
Density: 19.35g/cc @ 300K
Elastic Modulus:
Bulk: 310/GPa
Rigidity: 161/GPa
Youngs: 411/GPa

Enthalpy of Atomization: 837 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 35.23 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 799.1 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class: Combustible
Freezing Point: 3680K 3407°C 6165°F

Hardness Scale
Brinell: 2570 MN m-2
Mohs: 7.5
Vickers: 3430 MN m-2

Heat of Vaporization: 824kJ/mol
Melting Point: 3680K 3407°C 6165°F

Molar Volume: 9.5 cm3/mole
Optical Reflectivity: 62%
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.13J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 4.27Pa@3407°C
Regulatory / Health
CAS Number
7440-33-7

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Tungsten is alloyed with different elements such as nickel, copper, and iron to produce a large variety of tungsten alloys. Many of these alloys have engineering properties similar to steel, are relatively easy to machine, and can be plated or painted to enhance their corrosion protection. Tungsten Alloys are approximately 50% denser than lead resulting in a higher concentration of mass in a limited area. It is critical to understand the differences between the various tungsten alloys and grades, and the advantages and limitations of the processes use to make these alloys.

Tungsten Alloys have found wide acceptance in applications such as radiation shielding, medical equipment, boring bars, vibration dampening, sporting goods, as well as counterweights in aircraft and racing cars.

Tungsten Alloys per ASTM B777-07 in various grades with a variety of densities (17.00 GM/CC to 18.50 GM/CC) and various physical, magnetic, mechanical and chemical properties. However, it is very important to realize that the fabrication process for tungsten alloys does not lend itself to the manufacture of standard size forms (such as plate, sheet, long rod/bar, etc.), as one would expect with other alloys.

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1 . Introduction of Tungsten Alloy radiation shielding

Tungsten alloy is ideal for shielding against X-rays and gamma radiation. The very high density of tungsten shielding (more than 60% denser than lead) allows a reduction in the physical size of shielding components, without compromising their rigidity or the effectiveness of the shielding characteristics.

Whether you need to protect sensitive electronic equipment or delicate human tissue, the energy-absorbing properties of T&D’s tungsten alloys make them exceptional choices for radiation shielding applications, in both medical and industrial settings.

Compared to traditional radiation shielding materials, tungsten alloys provide excellent value. A high-density alloy can provide the same energy absorption as lead using 1/3 less material! Unlike lead, you’ll also reduce administration costs by eliminating the need to obtain special licensing—it’s not required.

Clients all across the globe are taking advantage of tungsten alloy’s reliable radiation shielding properties. If you need to protect yourself, your patients or your equipment from the harmful effects of excess radiation.

2 . Appliance for tungsten alloy in radiation protection

The usage of tungsten alloy in radiation protection is not subject to NRC, EPA, or special OSHA regulations, so it has been widely used, such as:

    Tungsten alloy radioactive source containers
    gamma radiation shielding made by tungsten alloy
    Shielding block of tungsten alloy
    Source holders for oil well logging and industrial instrumentation
    Tungsten alloy X-ray collimators
    Tungsten alloy PET syringe shield
    Shielding in cancer therapy machines
    Syringe protection for radioactive injections
    Tungsten alloy syringe shielding
    Nuclear shielding wall
    FDG container
    Inspect welds
    Nuclear testing equipment
    Nuclear power plant shielding
    Radiation shielding barrel
    Isotope production, transport, and containment
    Personal protection equipment for emergency responders
    Large container inspection devices
    Oncology Isotopic and accelerator based platforms
    Pipe-line inspection Gamma
    Defense for nuclear submarines

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