A cemented carbide is a composite material comprised of individual tungsten carbide grains imbedded in a ductile metal binder matrix of either cobalt or nickel. The physical and metallurgical properties of a particular “grade” of carbide are determined by its composition (its constituents and their relative amounts), the size distribution of the tungsten carbide grains after sintering, the binder metal type and content, the quality of the raw materials used, and the workmanship with which the material is made. Those most commonly measured to assess quality and define application areas are described below. The ASTM and/or ISO standard that applies to each of these measurements is also noted.

Density or specific gravity is the weight per unit volume of a cemented carbide measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). It is essentially the weighted average of the densities of all of the components contained in the product and is therefore a check on its composition. For grades containing only tungsten carbide and a binder metal, the density of the composite decreases as the lighter binder metal content increases.

Hardness is the resistance of a cemented carbide to penetration by a diamond indenter under a specific load. It is measured on the Rockwell A (Ra) scale in the US and on the Vickers (HV10 or HV30) scale in Europe and elsewhere. Hardness is primarily a function of composition and grain size with higher binder metal contents and coarser tungsten carbide grain sizes producing lower hardness values. Conversely, low binder contents and fine grain sizes produce high hardness values. Hardness is directly related to abrasive wear resistance.

Transverse Rupture Strength (TRS) is a measure of the tensile strength of a cemented carbide in a three point bending test performed on standard rectangular bars. It is reported in units of pounds or thousands of pounds per square inch (psi or kpsi), or in Newtons per square millimeter (N/mm2). TRS is perhaps the best measure of the relative utility of individual production batches since it surveys a reasonable volume of material and will detect low levels of critical internal defects. Products having relatively high TRS values are generally applied where shock, impact, or failure by breakage are factors.

Residual Porosity is determined by visually examining the polished surface of a sintered sample at 100X or 200X magnification. Ratings for “A” type porosity (pores less than 10 microns in diameter), “B” type porosity (pores larger than 10 microns in diameter), and “C” type porosity (carbon inclusions) are determined by comparing the size and frequencies of each pore type in the sample with those in standard photographs. Each standard photograph is associated with a numerical rating that is used to represent the porosity levels in the sample. In general, edge strength and toughness decrease as the level of residual porosity increases. At high levels of porosity, the wear resistance of the product may also be adversely affected.

Magnetic Saturation is the degree to which the metal binder in a cemented carbide is saturated with carbon. It is most useful for materials having a cobalt binder. For a known cobalt content magnetic saturation values indicate how much carbon the cemented carbide contains – from unacceptably low values that indicate the presence of an undesirable carbon-deficient phase (known as eta phase) to unacceptably high values indicating the presence of free carbon (carbon “porosity”) in the product. Magnetic saturation is sometimes used as an indicator of relative strength among lots of a specific grade.


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Gradient cemented carbides allow tailoring important properties such as stiffness and toughness in a single hardmetal component in different areas such as skin and core. Established gradients in the cemented carbide industry are the so-called γ-phase-free gradients for metal cutting applications and macro-gradients for rock tools applications . However R&D publications on development of γ-phase-free gradients in cemented carbides have become fewer over the last decade. A reasonable explanation is the increased focus on the development of novel CVD and PVD coatings for machining applications, especially relating to coating composition, nanostructure, adjustment of texture, residual stress, post treatment processes and bonding between layers and layer to substrates and more.

Computational thermodynamics has been successfully applied to model the kinetics of gradient formation in both Co-based cemented carbides. Good agreement between experiment and simulation regarding layer thickness, phase fraction distribution and element profiles was obtained on DICTRA modelling of gradient formation kinetics considering that all diffusion occurred in the liquid binder phase of a dispersed system model for example in Ni-based cemented carbides.

Nitridation of cemented carbides and cermets has once again been resurrected by various research schools in order to generate gradients that show superior wear properties in metal machining.


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Carbide (Or rather called Tungsten Carbide and Titanium Carbide) is normal materials which are widely used for any kinds of cutting tools. For example: Saw Blades, Lathe Tools, Drill, Turning and Milling Tools and Dental Bits are always made from Carbide Materials. Carbide is widely used at these tools because carbide's wear-resistant, sharper and useful time is longer than other materials. In additional, carbide balls are also used in pen tips, because it is more wear-resistant.
 
Like tools of tungsten carbide saw blades, its main body is made from Steel. Tungsten carbide tips are brazed on the saw blades. Fine-quality tungsten carbide tips is excellent wear-resistant, its useful time can up to 20 times than Steel tips.
 
Tungsten carbide tips has turned in the last, but you can re-grind them just like you grind steel tools, but tungsten carbide tips is harder, so grinding tools is different. Normally, we use diamond tools or tungsten carbide grinding wheels.
 
Most of the whole tools are not made from carbide, because carbide's price is very expensive and it is very brittle. So, steel is better materials which are used for making main body, it is more stronger, not easy to crack and broken.


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The 35mm by 228mm AHEAD ammunition is an original cartridge type, programmed detonator ammunition, composed of a Programmable Fuze System, tungsten alloy subprojectiles, ejection standoff ammunition, a thin-walled body, nitrified fibre firing ammunition and steel ammunition cartridge. This tungsten military defense is become more and more widely used in the military field.

In the anti-missile role it uses Advanced Hit Efficiency And Destruction (AHEAD) ammunition. This round ejects 152 tungsten projectiles at a predetermined distance, between 40 and 10 m, from the target. A 25-round burst of AHEAD rounds produces 3,800 of these small projectiles to destroy the incoming missile. Cruise missiles can be destroyed at 2.5 km and high speed missiles at 1.5 km range by tungsten military defense. A more common projectile to see in service is the advanced hit efficiency and destruction [AHEAD] round. Given the size of the diameter and the larger length of the projectile, as opposed to a 35mm AHEAD round, more tungsten alloy subprojectiles are carried - one hundred and eighty as opposed to one hundred and fifty-two . The submunitions of this tungsten military defense are tungsten-alloy [WHA] spheres, designed for both penetration and 'mass effect', to increase the likelihood of engaging the incoming 'vampire' or 'bogie'. The round is termed the MCP170 and uses a programmable magnetic fuze which uses information provided by the coil velocity gauge near the gun's muzzle in order to automatically compute the correct estimated time to target.

The combat efficiency of the AHEAD ammunition is due to the payload of 152 tungsten alloy subprojectiles weighing 3.3 grams each. These subprojectiles are activated at a certain distance in front of the intercepted target, forming a mass of lethal subprojectiles, greatly augmenting the probability of a kill. The tungsten alloy subprojectiles have a sharp edge, ensuring that this tungsten military defense can inroad into the target with precise accuracy, tungsten military defense also provides the kinetic energy to destroy the electrical components, payloads or motor of the target.



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Tungsten alloy shielding is necessary for nuclear scale. Nuclear scale utilizes rays which released by radioactive isotope and absorbed partially or scattered to realize quantification when rays pass through matters. Nuclear scale is used to measure the matters in transport system. Radioactive source and receiver are located on the upper side and downside of conveyer belt. According to counting rate that rays pass through matters, nuclear scale can weigh the amount of matter in delivering constantly. More regular and even sizes of matters are, the higher accuracy is. Nuclear scale is primary used for measuring dynamic matters. It has been widely used in building materials, coal, chemical industry or other industries. It can be also used for various kinds of conveyor such as scraper, screwing and anchor chain.

The radioactive sources of nuclear scale are ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs.

Tungsten alloy shielding for nuclear scale can protect staffs from radiation. The density of tungsten alloy is higher twice than lead. The high density allows a reduction in sized of shielding components without compromising effectiveness of shielding characteristics. Otherwise tungsten alloy has the advantage of non-toxicity.




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Tungsten alloy shielding is necessary for radioactivity logging. Radioactivity logging is physical geographical method which used for researching geologic section of oil drilling, seeking oil, coal or other mineral resources and researching drilling engineering. Radioactivity logging has been widely used in prospection for coal field, uranium mine and oil and becomes one of important measures.

Both nuclear instrument and radioactivity logging utilize characteristics of α-ray, β-ray, γ-ray and neutron ray which released by radioactive isotope. Radioactive source, made of radioactive isotope which can releaseα-ray is called as α radioactive source. Radioactive source, made of radioactive isotope which can releaseβ-ray is called as β radioactive source. Radioactive source, made of radioactive isotope which can release neutron ray is called as neutron radioactive source

Compared with traditional material like lead, tungsten alloy shielding is more suitable for radioactivity logging. The density of tungsten alloy is higher twice than lead. So tungsten alloy has excellent radiation absorption. Otherwise, tungsten alloy is non-toxicity.



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The principle of tungsten alloy accelerator is that electron is produced by electron gun which is under vacuum. It is located on the exine of cavity resonator. Radial electric gives energy to the electrons after they shooting. Electrons are accelerated. Electrons move to cavity resonator when they are accelerated firstly. Then they pass through the holes on the center of electric conductor. When electrons appear inside cavity resonator after passing through hole, electric steering accelerator electrons secondly and electrons achieve a diameter movement. Electrons, having been accelerated are got back to cavity resonator and accelerated again. The shape of electrons moving path is like a rose. So the tungsten alloy accelerator is called as Rhodotron. At exist of tungsten alloy accelerator, pillar high energy electron beam shoots to irradiation chamber, under the transferring or guiding of the beam line. Then, electron beam passes through the vacuum and enters into atmosphere. Electron beam scans back and forth and passes through the products on the conveyer belt after spread.

The density of tungsten alloy accelerator is twice higher than lead. The high density allows a reduction in physical sizes of accelerator without compromising effectiveness of shielding characteristics. Otherwise, high density means better radiation aborption.




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In order to reduce the adoption of environmental hazardous materials in the military defense field, tungsten alloy military fitting is used as a non-toxic alternative for lead and depleted uranium in bullet and shot. High-density metal such as tungsten alloy military fitting is now widely employed; the goal of military defense is to create functional, high density, non-toxic arms projectiles with controlled impact behavior. The special properties of tungsten alloy make it almost ideal material for military defense applications.

Owing to its great hardness and resistance to high temperature, usage of tungsten alloy military fitting has been steadily increasing since the 1940's.

Tungsten alloy military fitting applications:
*Tungsten alloy bullet
*Shrapnel head
*Balanced ball for missile and plane
*Core for armor-piercing bullet measurement
*Kinetic energy penetrators
*Armor and shells
*Grenade
*Rocket components



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Nowadays, tungsten alloy is increasingly adopted as the raw material for military defense, and works as tungsten alloy military fitting, such as bullet, armor and shells, shrapnel head, grenade, bulletproof vehicles, tanks panzers, cannons, firearms, etc. A major tungsten alloy military fitting is in kinetic energy penetrators, where military defenses are in direct competition with depleted uranium (DU). Recent investigations conducted at the Army Research Laboratory show that DU's superior properties resulted from its ability to localize shear during ballistic penetration events. Therefore, military defense was argued that if localized shear can be imparted to tungsten alloy, this material would exhibit penetration performance matching that of depleted uranium (which had become an environmental problem).

You can image the subject envisions a penetrator, dropped from service height of a bomber aircraft, using kinetic energy to penetrate the shielding, and subsequently deliver a nuclear explosive to the buried target.

The problem with such a penetrator is the tremendous heat applied to the penetrator unit when striking the military defense shielding (surface) at hundreds of meters per second. Military defense has partially been solved by using metals such as tungsten (with a much higher melting point than steel), and altering the shape of the projectile (such as an olive).



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In earlier time, people usually did mining primarily with pick axes and shovels, which relied on pure manpowere to get the job done. And later, with tools made of steel, cuz steel tools could do better job, and they were susceptible to wear. However, with the development of tungsten carbide industry, tungsten carbide products are widely used in mining work, especially tungsten carbide coated tools.

Then came tungsten carbide tools. Since tools made of tungsten carbide are tougher and more wear-resistant, these tools are able to perform their job faster and for a longer time when compared to steel tools.

The mining industry has one of the highest demands for tools that have high wear-resistant, just like tungsten carbide coated tools, as working in a mine involves cutting through hard rock, often spanning several miles. Having tungsten carbide coated tools that are resistant to wear means the company doesn’t have to replace their tools often, preventing money lost due to down times. Thus, there is a need for tungsten carbide coated tools that do not wear out easily, ensuring continued productivity for longer periods of time.

Mining companies are always on the lookout for more abrasion resistant tools beyond the usual tungsten carbide coated tools. Cemented carbide was developed by combining tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, and cobalt. This combination is even harder than regular carbine, while further improving ordinary tungsten carbine’s heat resistance ability.

Diamond may also be added to the tools, as diamond is the toughest material on the planet, which can easily cut through practically any material.


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