For the technical realization of low-pressure plasma processes, one requires equipment with the following components:
Vacuum system (pump, vessel)
Energy supply
Gas supply
Measurement and control components for the reproducible adjustment of the process parameter

Due to the necessity of a vacuum system in most cases, batch operation method is the easiest solution. The processes can be flexibly and complexly configured, in order to change the mode of action of the tungsten alloy plasma technique through variation of the process parameters (pressure, gas flow, gas composition, power) and can attain different effects in one process step. So that, i.e. without great expenditure a secondary cleaning can be carried out and immediately thereafter a corrosion protection layer becomes deposited, without having to aerate in between.


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Applications which might gain more importance in the future are construction material for the tungsten alloy plasma technique in magneto hydrodynamic power generation (W and W-Cu) and target plates in fusion reactors (W, W-La2O3).

Recent tungsten alloy plasma technique and theoretical and numerical studies show that tungsten may be the best, if not the only, material to withstand the extraordinary operating conditions in a nuclear fusion reactor diverter. The diverter, being that part of the vacuum vessel where the tungsten alloy plasma technique particles interact with the first wall, and where a large fraction of the fusion heat is removed, consists of water-cooled copper heat-exchanger element covered with a plasma facing armor. The tungsten alloy plasma technique particles (electrons, protons, and α-particles) are directed by the magnetic field toward the diverter target plates, where they are neutralized and pumped. The convective heat flux reaches 20 MW.m-2 and the attendant surface temperature more than 3000℃. Therefore, a suitable armor material must have a high thermal conductivity (in order to transfer high heat fluxes), low thermal expansion coefficient and low Young's modulus (in order to keep thermal stresses low), and a high melting point and low sputtering yield (in order to keep erosion low). Although tungsten does not have as high a thermal conductivity and as low a Young's modulus as carbon-carbon composite materials, which are foreseen for the sections of the diverter with the highest heat flux, many experts believe that, in the long run, reasonable lifetimes will only be achieved by tungsten diverter plates, which have the lowest erosion rates of all materials in sections of the diverter with relatively low plasma temperature but high particle density.



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A rocket engine tungsten ignition tubes or simply "rocket" is a jet engine that uses only propellant mass for forming its high speed propulsive jet. Rocket engines tungsten ignition tubes are reaction engines and obtain thrust in accordance with Newton's third law. Since tungsten ignition tubes need no external material to form their jet ignition tubes, rocket engines ignition tubes can be used for spacecraft propulsion as well as terrestrial uses, such as missiles. Most rocket engines ignition tubes are internal combustion engines, although non combusting forms also exist.

Rocket engines produce thrust by the expulsion of a high-speed fluid exhaust. Tungsten ignition tubes fluid is nearly always a gas which is created by high pressure (10-200 bar) combustion of solid or liquid propellants, consisting of fuel and oxidizer components, within a combustion chamber.

Because of its superior wear resistance, high melting point, low vapor point and strange hardness, tungsten alloy is increasingly used to manufacture ignition tubes of rocket engines.

In rockets, temperatures employed are very often far higher than the melting point of the nozzle and combustion chamber materials. Tungsten ignition tubes in rocket engine can overcome this problem; two exceptions are graphite and tungsten (~1200 K for copper). It is important that tungsten ignition tubes be prevented from combusting, melting or vaporizing to the point of failure. Properly manufactured and corrosion shielded tungsten alloy parts will increase safety of any rocket usage.



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The most widely used tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets in the world are made of a hardened steel, tungsten alloy, tungsten-carbide, or depleted uranium penetrator enclosed within a softer material, such as copper or aluminum. Tungsten alloy rounds, for instance, take advantage of their high-density material, designed to retain its shape and carry the maximum possible amount of energy as deep as possible into the target.

The tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets fired from rifles are strengthened with a copper orcuprous-nickel jacket, much like the jacket that surrounds lead in a conventional projectile, a jacket which is destroyed upon impact to allow the penetrating charge to continue its movement through the targeted substance.

One of the most famous types of tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets used in the past was the Teflon-coated bullets. Contrary to popular belief, the Teflon coating did not in itself help the bullet penetrate deeper, instead it was meant to help reduce the wear on the barrel after firing hardened projectiles. The strange fact is that this misconception even produced laws that lead to the restricted use of these bullets, eventually leading to their extinction.

The famous example of such a blunder was the assassination attempt on US President Ronald Reagan that took place on March 30, 1981. Then, the shooter used an tungsten alloy armor piercing bullet with a normal revolver, which actually deprived the bullet of its ability, contributing to the bullet missing the heart by less than one inch and piercing his left lung instead, which likely spared his life.



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Shells of the tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets are designed for this purpose have a greatly strengthened case with a specially hardened and shaped nose and a much smaller bursting charge. Some smaller caliber tungsten alloy armor piercing shells have an inert filling, or incendiary charge in place of the HE bursting charge.

Tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets are famous for their ability to penetrate target.It is mostly because large kinetic energy and their high tensile strength focused on the target. Tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets are made from the high-density tungsten alloy that is much harder than most armors. All have a very hard tungsten alloy armor piercing warheads.Tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets can be used against tanks, armored vehicles and concrete fortifications. When fired, tungsten alloy armor piercing bullets are under the high-temperature, high-pressure gas. Reach the target, it will make a pit in the surface of the armor, red out the armor and the pit bottom at the same time. At this time, although the head has been broken, missile force the powerful impact of inertia, it will continue onrush. When the impact force reaches a certain value, the fuse is triggered, it caused the explosion of the projectile charge. At this time, exploding charge will create tons of pressure per square centimeter in area, killing the crew inside the tank or destroying armored weapons.



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Tungsten alloy armor piercing bullet relys on the kinetic energy of the projectile, penetrates armor and destroys the target. Its characteristic is high velocity, long hitting the distance and good accuracy.It used for mutilate tanks, self-propelled guns, armored vehicles, ships, aircraft, or any other armored target.

Tungsten alloy armor piercing bullet is a type of ammunition designed to penetrate armor and detonate. They are generally used against body armor, vehicle armor, tanks and other defenses, depending on the caliber of the firearms.



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Tungsten is silvery white metal, melting point is as high as 3400℃; High hardness, high density, high temperature strength. Tungsten are mainly used for the production of iron and tungsten carbide. Tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and chromium and other components of the heat resistant alloy used to make tools, metal surface hardening materials, with blade drawing machine. With tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium fusion of gold to. Tungsten copper and silver tungsten alloy used to make the light bulb, the tube parts and electric arc welding electrode. Some of the compounds can be tungsten fluorescent agents, pigment, dye, etc.

Tungsten is widely used in petroleum and natural gas, mining, electronic, metal processing, machinery and equipment, heavy manufacturing, the department that the application of tungsten to 85% of the total, other applications in military, nuclear energy and aerospace industry, etc. With the development of economy, the progress of science and technology of China's tungsten, application scope is gradually expand, to increase, and great varieties of products to meet the national economic construction and the needs of the construction of national defence and military affairs.



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Hard steel production is usually suppressed by a solid metal hole, known as the mold, in such a high-intensity pressure, as it is squeezed out like noodles. Can you imagine how much this incredible hole kind of power? In some cases, will use the diamond or sapphire (similar hardness) die, but die casting, made of tungsten alloy is still very high intensity, even at very high temperature.

Because of its heat resistance, high hardness, high toughness, tungsten alloy is very suitable for production of die casting, components, etc., particularly to suppress copper alloy, aluminum, zinc, brass. Die casting is made ​​of tungsten alloy, high melting point, not oxygen (except in the case of impure).

As the tungsten alloy is very strong, which also ensures it a longer life than the traditional mold, but also to ensure minimum shrinkage porosity. Therefore made of tungsten raw materials such as the die casting to ensure product quality and high standards



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70% of tungsten alloy in the world is made in China, and 70% of tungsten alloy in China is made in the middle,Hunan and Jiangxi Province. Jiangxi is the center of raw materials, and Hunan is the processing center of tungsten alloy,tungsten copper and related products such as tungsten sheet, tungsten ball,tungsten wire,tungsten rod and so on. All of them are widely used for many industries ,machinery, electronics, chemical, air, miliary, medical, il. They are well known in the world with good quality, competitive price and excellent service.

At present, The demand of tungsten alloy and tungsten copper is getting greater and greater becasue of economy developing speedly. But The total of tungsten alloy and tungsten copper in the World, in China are limited. We need to save the limited resources and recommend international advanced science and technology to exploit tungsten products. At the same time, we must note the environmental protection.


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Radiation shielding is the use of tungsten alloy to protect against ionizing radiation. Radiation occurs when energy is emitted from one substance and travels out in straight waves, possibly penetrating another substance. When this energy is absorbed, it can have the effect of exciting or destabilizing atoms. If a certain radiation penetrates an animal, it can have harmful impacts on the body, sometimes causing cancer or deformities. Shielding uses specific types of material, such as a leaded glass pane, a lead apron, or packed dirt, to act as a barrier between the body and the source of radiation.

However, compared with other materials, tungsten alloy is the most suitable for radiation protection.As tungsten alloy is the right material for radiation protection, as its combination of radiographic density (more than 60% denser than lead), machinability, good corrosion resistance, high radiation absorption (superior to lead and steel), simplified life cycle and high strength.



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