A sturdy, durable metal, tungsten is used to make rings designed to last a lifetime. However, this durability can prove a downfall: Unlike other metals used in rings, which remain malleable over time and can be adjusted to fit changing finger sizes, tungsten is impossible to remold once it has been formed and forged into a shape. Jewelers design tungsten rings for comfort fit--meaning, an extra curve in the design makes them run a half size larger than most rings. Accurately determining your ring size and adjusting for tungsten's characteristics can provide you with a comfortable and durable ring. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

        1
        Measure your ring size when your hands are warm and you have been active for at least a few hours. Activity and temperature can change the size of your fingers, and fingers are at their largest when they are warm, especially toward the end of the day.

        2
        Try on multiple rings or ring sizers at a jewelry store, or print a ring sizing chart from an online retailer. Find the ring size that fits comfortably and snugly at the very base of your finger. This is your normal ring size.

        3
        Subtract a half size from your normal ring size to determine your tungsten comfort fit size. For example, if your normal ring size is an 8, your tungsten size is 7.5.

Tips & Warnings

    If you already know your regular ring size, simply subtract a half size to determine your tungsten size.

    Some jewelers will have the option for you to try on "comfort fit" ring sizers. If you use a comfort fit sizer, do not subtract the half size, as the comfort fit is the exact design of the tungsten ring.

    Tungsten rings cannot be reshaped. If you provided or received the wrong ring size, contact your manufacturer or retailer for replacement options.

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"No One In UK Safe As Big Chill Sets In," warns Sky News. BBC is less apocalyptic but, still, prepare for demand for ice tyres.

"Forecasters predict up to two weeks of wintry weather, with plummeting temperatures and snowfall possible in many areas," warns Sky News. The BBC is not so flustered: "this week may begin a transition to some colder weather. The rest of January looks as though it may continue to bring colder than average temperatures with an increased risk of some snowfall."

But if there's a long period of ice and snow in our future, bike shops should be prepared for a spike in sales of bike tyres dotted with tungsten carbide studs. Stocks of studded tyres are likely to dwindle as the cold weather approaches.

Gritted roads may be safe to cycle on but not all roads get gritted. And unlike in the Netherlands, very few bike paths in the UK get gritted (and even fewer are heated). So, more and more cyclists who wish to keep commuting by bike are now using tyres studded with 'spikes'. In previous cold snaps studded tyres from brands such as Nokian, Conti and Schwalbe sold out very quickly.

The Schwalbe supplier in the UK - Bohle - supplies studded tyres for MTBs, 700c road and cross bikes, and some folding bikes. Cambrian Tyres stocks spike tyres from Continental: the Spike Claw for MTBs and Nordic Spike for 700c bikes.

In 2010, an NHS study found that falls on black ice are a major cause of bike crashes. The study - by NHS Bristol - was the UK’s largest and most comprehensive survey into non-collision cycling incidents, ie crashes that do not involve another road user.

The survey revealed that slipping on ice is the most common non-collision incident, being mentioned by 26 percent of respondents. The next most common incident noted was slipping on wet roads, with 8 percent of reported incidents.

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Tungsten lighting is a term used by photographers to distinguish from fluorescent lighting or strobe lighting. Tungsten is a type of incandescent lighting using a bulb with a filament made of the metal tungsten, as opposed to, say, carbon or platinum. Unless you have switched to compact fluorescents, most of the lighting in your home is tungsten. In still photography, tungsten lighting gave studio photographers greater flexibility than the classic north sky light. Tungsten lights reigned supreme for many years in commercial studios until the introduction of strobes (or speed lights) and some workers still prefer tungsten for its controllability (what you see is what you get). For television and cinematography tungsten is essential.

Tungsten lamps specifically for photographic purposes are made to very tight tolerances since most photography or cinematography today is done in color. For photography, tungsten lamps are produced in two types, having very specific "color temperatures:" type B lamps, the most common, have a color temperature of 3200 degrees Kelvin (3200°K); type A lamps had a color temperature of 3400°K and were matched to Kodachrome Type A (ASA/ISO 40). This material is now discontinued and so far as I know there are no other Type A still stocks on the market.

Without getting too tediously technical we should try briefly to explain "color temperature:" The higher the color temperature, the bluer the light. The lower the color temperature, the more yellow to red the light. Noon daylight (sun shining, no cloud cover) in the area of the globe between the tropics is considered for practical purposes to have a color temperature of 5000 degrees Kelvin (5000°K). "Daylight" color films, or your default setting on your digital camera, are balanced for ±5000°K. Electronic flashes ("strobes" or "speed lights" or the little strobe on your camera) have a nominal color temperature equal to noon daylight. All other light sources have different color temperatures and theoretically require some sort of compensation to render "true" color, either by filtering the film or the light or by changing the film or settings on the camera. If you are using studio quality tungsten lighting, you should also use a type-B incandescent balanced film, or set your digital camera for either AUTO or incandescent. In practice, plain household tungsten lighting (color temperature around 2800°K) will yield a perfectly acceptable photograph with a type-B film or with your digital camera set on auto or incandescent.

Most 3200°K studio lamps used today are tungsten halogen. Halogen lamps have quartz envelopes and are filled with a halogen gas such as iodine or bromine. The gas combines with the evaporated tungsten from the filament during use and helps some of the tungsten plate back onto the filament when it cools, lengthening the life of the lamp. The quartz envelope does not darken over the life of the lamp, so the color temperature does not significantly change, nor does its brilliance.

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ExOne, a North Huntingdon manufacturing company that relies on technology some speculate will fuel the next industrial revolution, has filed plans to raise up to $75 million through a public offering of an undisclosed number of shares.

Documents the company filed Tuesday with the Securities and Exchange Commission indicate ExOne will use the proceeds to expand its capacity and capabilities, pay off a $9.6 million line of credit it has with its majority stockholder and repurchase production equipment it leases from two related entities for $3 million.

No information was provided about how the shares will be priced. The IPO is being managed by FBR Capital Markets.

The filing indicates ExOne lost $11.1 million in the first nine months of last year on revenue of $15.9 million. ExOne said 30 percent of its revenue for the nine-month period came from the Americas, 34 percent from Europe and 29 percent from Asia.

The company lost $8 million in 2011 on revenue of $15.3 million.

ExOne is one of a growing number of companies that rely on 3-D printing to make complex parts using digital imaging. Its customers include Boeing, Ford Motor, BMW, Caterpillar and Deere & Co.

So-called 3-D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves slicing digital images of industrial pumps, automotive equipment and other products into hundreds or thousands of layers the width of a human hair. That data is sent to a 3-D printer similar to an inkjet printer.

But instead of ink, the printer emits alternating layers of sand and powdered materials into a box, where a liquid binder holds the layers together, resulting in a physical version of the digital image.

The technology eliminates weeks of bending, molding, punching, grinding and machining parts that must then be assembled into a finished product. Advocates say 3-D printing will revolutionize industry by bringing more manufacturing back to the United States.

ExOne currently makes products out of ceramic, stainless steel, bronze and glass. The filing stated proceeds from the offering will help it move into titanium, aluminum, tungsten carbide and other materials.

ExOne grew out of Extrude Hone Corp. and was acquired for $7.2 million in 2007 by S. Kent Rockwell, ExOne's chairman and majority shareholder. Mr. Rockwell and other owners have invested another $40.7 million in equity and debt since then, the document states.

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