Lutetium (Lu, atomic number 71) – In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium) and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium”, independently discovered at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003% which is commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. 176Lu occurs naturally (2.6%) with 175 Lu (97.4%). It is radioactive with a half-life of about 3 x 10 10 years.

                  

Some known uses for Lutetium are as follows:
Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in crackling, alkylation, hydrogenation and polymerization.
Single crystal scintillators


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Holmium (Ho, atomic number 67).The special absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announce the existence of an “Element X”. Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is name is therefore name after Cleve’s native city. Holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite and in other rare earth minerals. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, it is able to stay dry in room temperature, but it rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. Holmium metal has unusual magnetic properties. It has the highest magnetic moment of any known element in the periodic table. It has the greatest number of impaired electrons and impaired electrons are what give rise to magnetism. Therefore, Holmium has many uses in magnetic materials. Very few other uses have been found for the element. Like some other rare earths Holmium seems to have a low acute toxic rating.

                  

Some known uses for Holmium are as follows:
Magnets
Ceramics
Lasers


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Gadolinium (Gd, atomic number 64) rare earth metal is obtained from the mineral gadolinite. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Merignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated it from Mosasander’s yttria in 1886. Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and the prices of gadolinium and the other rare earth metals have greatly improved. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. Gadolinium is silvery white, has a metallic luster and is malleable and ductile (like other related rare earth metals). At room temperature gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close packed alpha form. Upon heating to 1235 degrees Celsius, alpha gadolinium transforms into the beta form (which has a body centered cubic structure). The metal is relatively stable in dry air but tarnishes in moist air. It forms a loosely adhering oxide film which falls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid. Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49,000 barns).

                  

Some known uses for Gadolinium are as follows:
MRI tests- gadolinium changes the way water molecules react in your body when scanned allowing the contrast between healthy and non healthy tissue to be seen.
Microwaves- gadolinium yttrium garnets are used in microwave applications.
Color Television_ gadolinium compounds are used as phosphors in color televisions.
The unusual superconductive properties improve the workability and resistance of iron and chromium and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation (as little as 1% gadolinium is needed).
Duplicating performance of amplifiers such as the maser- gadolinium ethyl sulfate ahs extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance.
Magnetic component that can sense hot and cold- gadolinium metal is ferromagnetic. It is unique for its high magnetic movement and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying at room temperature. Therefore it can be used as a magnetic component that can sense hot and cold.


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Europium (Eu, atomic number 63) was discovered in the form of spectral lines that were not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium concentrates in 1890 by Boisbaudran. The official discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu203 with a 10% excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery white metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible. As with other rare earth metals (with the exception of lanthanum), europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180 degrees Celsius. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare earth metals, it quickly oxidizes in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction to water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium. Europium has been identified spectroscopy in the sun and certain stars.

                  

Some known uses for Europium are as follows:
Television screens- europium oxide is now widely used as a phosphor activator and europium activated yttrium vanadate.
Laser material- europium doped plastic is used as laser material.
Ceramics
Nuclear applications.


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Erbium (Er, atomic number 68) is found in minerals that dysprosium is found in (xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and blomstrandine). In 1842, Mosander separated “yttria”, found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions. He called these three fractions: yttria, erbia and terbia. After 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as: erbia, Scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonable pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare earth metals, it’s properties depend, to a certain extent, on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other metals.

                  

Some known uses for erbium are as follows:
A photographic filter and a nuclear poison – it will kill any nuclear fission process. Compounds of it are often pink when dissolved in solution.
Amplifier of light (optical fibers) used to transmit signals for the internet.
Erbium tri-chloride is used in jewelry and sunglasses.
Erbium salts are used in welding goggles in conjunction with other rare earths.


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Dysprosium (Dy, atomic number 66) was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. The oxide and metal wasn’t available in relative pure form until 1950 when development of ion exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques were created by Spedding and associates. Dysprosium occurs along with other rare earths in a variety of minerals such as: xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase and blomstrandine. Monazite and bastnasite are the most important sources. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The metal is a metallic bright silver luster. Dysprosium is relatively stable in air temperature and is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids to evolve hydrogen. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. Dysprosium is very reactive and therefore is stored in foil. Its thermal neutron absorption cross section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications for alloying with special stainless steels.

                   

Some known uses for Dysprosium are as follows:
Strong, Permanent Magnets- dysprosium along with neodymium is used in the production of the world’s strongest permanent magnets. The magnets have high magnetic strength but lower weight. Such magnets are used in electronic motors to produce higher power and torque with much lower size and weight.
Hybrid/Electric Vehicles use these magnets.
Miniaturization of hard disk drives and many electronic devises also use these magnets.
Nuclear fuel rods- due to its ability to capture neutrons. It modulates how hot a nuclear reaction is getting. It is used in power stations to prevent nuclear reactions from getting out of control.
If mixed with cadmium and sulfur it can be used in devices that use infrared. Chemists use infrared quite often, when a sample/compound is radiated with infrared absorbance will occur. This is specific to stretching or bending. It is a way of scanning molecules and getting information about their composition and structure.
A dysprosium oxide-nickel cement can be used in cooling nuclear reactor rods. The cement absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment.
Laser materials-in combination with other rare earths and vanadium, dysprosium has been used for laser materials.


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In order to make the activity of preventing and combating illegal exploitation of rare earth and maintain a  good order in mining industry. Recently, the Authority of the County mine and Public Security Bureau in Dingnan have taken the approach of the combination of sentinel and mobile publicities to fight against on illegal mining rare earth for  two weeks .

The sentinel publicity: In the the county downtown and Weizhen set point public the special laws and regulations and policies about rare earth, accept masses consulting this activity.And then hand out more than 2,000 promotional copies of the fight against illegal rare earth mining to passers.

The mobile publicity: Pubilc rare earth mining laws and regulations ,which is in Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China.And  public the stringent measures to combat illegal mining rare earth and report incentives, which is from the  Authority of the County mine and Public Security Bureau  . Through promotional vehicles with the  words "fight against on illegal mining rare earth" public the information and knowledge along the county to towns and villages repeatedly.


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China’s rare earth matters to the world. Ganzhou which enjoy the fame as “the kingdom of rare earth”, has developed into the distributing and producing center for rare earth raw material and smelt process from a mere resource base in recent years, making Ganzhou rare earth industry  a one-stop industrial pattern. Yan Chunhua, a NPC delegate and the dean of National Key Lab has been in the research of rare earth for 30 year.

Yan suggested that laboratory of Key Universities and relevant department of Ganzhou should work together in constructing a National-class research center, and further accelerate innovation and enhance the added value of the products meanwhile he recommend to form a reserve system for rare earth resources. “rare earth is of strategic meaning to our country, our country should exploit rare earth resources rationally and buy then back at a reasonable price.

Yan confess that although our country is an important rare earth exporting country, we are still lag behind in high-end technology, our voice in the international market is pretty weak actually, the situation could undermine our national interests. “I propose to build a rare earth futures transaction platform in Ganzhou, that will be of great help in strengthening the price-setting power of our country.”

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On March 11th, Jiangsu Rare Earth Committee released publicly the operating data for provincial enterprices dealing with smelting operation  in January. In Which the total output and sales volume is 602.73 ton and 695.38 ton respectively, rising 29.88% and 36.98% compared with that of last year. export volume increase by 22.42% to 124.13ton on a year-on-year bases. With regard to output value and revenue, however, these enterprices has greatly droped in the two indices. the revenue in January is $28.61577 m, fell by 48.54% compared with last year, export value is $3.7104 m, declined 87.19%. Profit of these enterprises fell at a dramastic rate at 177.49%, the profit margin was $3.24789m.

It is reported that ANSTO Minerals has completed preparation of feed material for the Ngualla solvent extraction (SX) Pilot Plan. The work was achieved using the simple sulphuric acid leach recovery process to treat a 1.3 tonne bulk sample of Ngualla rare earth mineralisation, which further verifies the robustness of the process flow sheet.

The ability to produce separated high purity products adds significant value to the project and allows access to wider markets for Ngualla’s products.

Highlights are as followed:
An average 83% recovery of rare earths in the acid leach stage was achieved from the bulk sample.
The work independently verifies the ‘Proof of Concept’ simple acid leach recovery flowsheet at a larger scale using a bulk composite of weathered Bastnaesite Zone rare earth mineralisation from Ngualla.
The rare earth chloride feed solution produced is exceptionally pure with thorium and uranium levels below detection limits.
An optimisation program on the acid leach and purification flowsheet is expected to improve process efficiencies further and Peak has commissioned ANSTO to complete this work.
The SX Pilot Plant remains on track to deliver four separated >99% purity rare earth oxide (REO) products successively over the next few months with the final product delivered by mid-2013.
In addition to providing product samples and specifications for assessment by potential off take customers, the work will provide detailed engineering data for the design of the full scale SX plant for inclusion in the Pre-Feasibility Study currently in progress.
The SX Pilot Plant work will confirm the end to end process of Ngualla mineralisation to high value products, demonstrating the de-risking of the project, and is a major step toward achieving production in early 2016.

Peak Managing Director Richard Beazley said “The independent verification of the Ngualla process flowsheet by ANSTO Minerals further demonstrates that Peak has a robust and reliable metallurgical treatment process that works for the weathered Bastnaesite mineralisation at Ngualla. Completion of the SX Pilot Plant work will place Peak amongst a very select few companies to have successfully produced high quality purified rare earth products.”


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