Whether you need to protect sensitive electronic equipment or delicate human tissue, the energy-absorbing properties of Mi-Tech Metals’ tungsten alloys make them exceptional choices for radiation shielding applications, in both medical and industrial settings.

Our tungsten alloys are used for radioactive source containers, gamma radiography, shields, and source holders for oil-well, logging, and industrial instrumentation. High-density alloys also serve as collimators and radiation shielding in cancer therapy, as well as syringe protection for radioactive injections. When you need to direct a specific amount of radiation to a targeted area, tungsten alloys provide the control you need. Mi-Tech Metals’ high-density alloys will continue to perform, even under extreme, high-heat conditions.

Compared to traditional radiation shielding materials, tungsten alloys provide excellent value. A high-density alloy can provide the same energy absorption as lead using 1/3 less material! Unlike lead, you’ll also reduce administration costs by eliminating the need to obtain special licensing—it’s not required.

Clients all across the globe are taking advantage of tungsten alloy’s reliable radiation shielding properties. If you need to protect yourself, your patients or your equipment from the harmful effects of excess radiation, call a Mi-Tech Metal professional to discuss the benefits of our high density metals today.
 

Explores the tungsten rhenium thermocouples thermoelectric air at high temperature stability, regularity conclusions drawn as follows:

(1) Tungsten rhenium thermocouple in the air, due to high temperature oxidation, causing mutations cause thermocouple thermoelectric power failure. Among them, at 1000 ℃, thermopower negative drift occurs; 800 ℃ and 900 ℃, thermopower positive drift occurs.

(2) Tungsten-rhenium thermocouples stability of each pole is different: 1000 ℃ positive instability occurs first thermopower negative drift; 800 ℃ and 900 ℃, the negative instability occurs first thermopower negative drift.

(3) Tungsten-rhenium thermocouples thermal emf sudden failure reasons, not due to selective oxidation of alloying elements, but because of a pole alloy wire is completely oxidized to oxides, the nature of the material has undergone a fundamental change. 1000 ℃, because of its positive completely oxidized tungsten rhenium thermocouples cause sudden failure; 800 ℃ and 900 ℃, it is negative.

(4) Tungsten-rhenium thermocouples sudden failure, thermoelectric power and volume resistivity of both mutations. Thus, the resistance measurement can predict its life.

(5) After failure of tungsten rhenium thermocouple thermoelectric power is still the illusion, which is its oxidation products with high conductivity rhenium oxide sake.


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A Tungsten Rhenium Thermocouples Positive and Negative Comparative Stability

Tungsten- rhenium thermocouple in the air oxidation will occur after a certain time thermopower mutation to constitute the positive and negative tungsten -3% -25 % rhenium and tungsten rhenium alloy oxidation rate is different. Which can be expected, the stability of the thermocouple will they produce different effects . It can be seen from Figure 1 : Tungsten rhenium thermocouples having different stability of positive and negative . 1000 ℃, tungsten rhenium 3 pole poor stability, thermopower mutation first occurred , and tungsten rhenium 25 very good stability , a later mutates. Stability of the positive and negative differences are two kinds of tungsten and rhenium alloy oxidation behavior consistent . 800,900 ℃ , with the decrease in the content of rhenium , tungsten rhenium alloy antioxidant capacity enhancement. -3% Tungsten rhenium relatively good adhesion due to the formation of a layered structure oxide film having less than 25% of rhenium, tungsten corrosion rate ; 1000 ℃ , the rhenium content is higher, the stronger the oxidation resistance of alloys . As a result of 25% tungsten, rhenium oxide layer formed by reaction sintering of the oxide film layer structure , the outer layer is less rich tungsten rhenium oxide thin , inner layer is a dense tungsten , rhenium oxide mixed layer , relative to the base ratio, rhenium has enriched . Reaction sintering the oxide film becomes more dense , increased to 25% of tungsten rhenium at 1000 ℃ antioxidant capacity , the corrosion rate is lower than -3% of tungsten rhenium . Therefore , tungsten rhenium 3 pole less stable at 1000 ℃ , the first occurrence of thermopower mutations. Therefore, positive and negative changes in the sequence of stability is a direct reflection of the level of oxidation rate .

2 . Tungsten rhenium thermocouple thermoelectric power thermoelectric mutation causes

Positive and negative relative stability during the experiment at the same time , using two 0.8 mm nickel chromium wire 2cm long were suspended tungsten -3 % -25 % tungsten, rhenium and rhenium alloy wire of a group, working with the thermocouple placed on the same side of the temperature zone 1000 ℃ , when mutations occur when the first thermoelectric take a set of samples , the second mutation then remove another set of samples , respectively, electron microprobe analysis . The results show that : the first time thermopower mutation , -3% tungsten rhenium alloy anode has been completely oxidized, and the negative -25 % tungsten rhenium alloy wire core part still alloy phase . The second thermoelectric mutated, it is also negative alloy phase has been fully oxidized [1] . Thus , tungsten rhenium thermocouple thermoelectric power is due to the positive and negative mutations caused by oxidation .

To further confirm this phenomenon, making the overall stability test thermocouple , remove mutations moment thermocouple, will end its work made ​​metallographic sample . Based on our 1000 ℃ tungsten rhenium thermocouple potential mutations just occurred working end time by metallographic analysis of morphology , thermocouple potential mutation causes the selective oxidation of alloying elements is not caused by changes in composition , but the pole due to oxidation of a thermocouple the original tungsten rhenium alloy turned into oxides. This is a qualitative component , that is, from alloy into oxides , this phenomenon is associated with tungsten- rhenium alloy high temperature oxidation behavior consistent . Under the experimental conditions , as rhenium and tungsten oxide evaporation , resulting in the oxidation of the tungsten rhenium alloy catastrophic oxidation follows a linear law of cracking . Cracks formed during the oxidation , loose oxide layer is difficult to form the oxygen diffusion resistance, so that the oxidation reaction occurs at the metal / oxide layer interface ; since rhenium is far less than the oxygen affinity of tungsten , and their oxides generated with a more the steam thus large tungsten rhenium alloy does not occur during the oxidation of rhenium selective oxidation , the oxide layer which are made from tungsten and rhenium oxide mixture. Thus , in an oxidizing atmosphere , there is no selective oxidation caused by the diffusion of metal cations as a result of gradual change in the alloy composition . Thus, as the oxidation process proceeds, shrinking alloy wire cross-section , but the composition changed, until eventually completely oxidized into oxide , the material properties of a fundamental change , closely related thermoelectric properties also changed completely , thus tungsten- rhenium thermocouple leads thermopower mutations. Through the above experiment , the first to reveal the potential of tungsten rhenium thermocouple nature of mutations . Further, since the tungsten- rhenium alloy is generated after oxidation of rhenium oxide has a high electrical conductivity , resulting in the tungsten- rhenium thermocouple has failed circuit illusion thermopower still occurs , which would address the long outstanding problem.

3 tungsten rhenium thermocouples oxidation technology and antioxidant tungsten rhenium thermocouples

Tungsten- rhenium thermocouple thermoelectric effect in the air is the main factor unstable oxidation, and in order to replace platinum-rhodium thermocouple they can only work in an oxidizing atmosphere , so can be used as oxidation technology : ① Coating Protection Act ; ② evacuated sealed protection Act ; ③ evacuated inflatable seal protection law ; ④ filling sealing protection laws.

Coating Protection Act technically there are still some problems, and taking the time to fill or seal protection law has passed the batch test, every year at least one thousand or more antioxidant tungsten rhenium thermocouple temperature measurement for industrial furnaces . Since the protective tube for the artificial creation of tungsten- rhenium thermocouple working non-oxidizing atmosphere , resistance to oxidation of the tungsten rhenium thermocouple term stability. Author entities using patented technology to produce tungsten rhenium thermocouple type antioxidant , after sintering plant in Anshan pellet furnace ( oxidizing atmosphere ) using seven months (5000h), after removal of the test results showed that it stable performance, precision up to 1% , and can continue to use.


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In order to be consistent with the actual application , the present study, major domestic and foreign manufacturers to provide wire tungsten rhenium thermocouple wire as an object of study, the positive and negative growth 45cm thermocouple match between the poles of high purity Al2O3 insulated pipe insulation, work side exposed to the air . Experiment, the tungsten rhenium thermocouple placed in the working end of the furnace body temperature zone, the reference terminal is at room temperature , which fluctuated within ± 5 ℃ . With high-precision digital voltmeter thermopower of the thermocouple and the bulk resistance for real-time detection , in order to examine the stability of the thermocouple at different temperature variation and high purity platinum wire as reference electrode tungsten- rhenium thermocouples negative comparison the relative stability of the pole , while using electron probe microanalysis techniques and metallographic studies thermocouple thermoelectric potential reason for the change .

Tungsten- rhenium thermocouple thermoelectric EMF and body resistance R in the oxidation process variation with time t showed significant mutagenicity . Very stable prior to the mutation occurs ; thermoelectric potential and volume resistivity at the same temperature mutated . Its direction varies with temperature : 800 ℃ and 900 ℃ , the thermoelectric power is drift occurs ; 1000 ℃ negative drift occurs .

Thermopower mutation manifested again and negative drift occurred . But bipolar mutations occur thermopower time is different , the first thermoelectric potential positive changes , and the negative electrode . As can be seen , under the same conditions , its stability and domestic wire variation of the same , nor found over domestic wire has obvious advantages , this shows that our wire stability has reached the international advanced level of similar products .


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Tungsten- rhenium thermocouples in order to solve the problems encountered in actual use , the paper discusses the tungsten rhenium thermocouple temperature stability in air law . The results showed that : tungsten rhenium thermocouples as a result of a very complete oxidation of the material properties undergone a sea change , which led to the thermoelectric properties with the corresponding radical change ; for the first time revealed the stability of tungsten- rhenium thermocouples poles at different temperatures are different ; discovered tungsten rhenium thermocouple having a volume resistivity and thermoelectric properties of both mutations and thus , by measuring the change in resistance to predict its lifetime . Results of this study for the production of tungsten- rhenium thermocouples and provides a theoretical basis for the rational use .

Tungsten- rhenium thermocouples fifties developed excellent refractory metal thermocouples , is currently more than 1800 ℃ can be measured to a better industrial thermocouples. Since platinum-rhodium thermocouple prices, user urgent need to find alternative products, resulting in oxidation of tungsten rhenium thermocouples very active in the development , the current temperature is hot research field . Now, the country has produced various forms of anti-oxidation of tungsten rhenium thermocouples few thousand a year to expend in metallurgy , building materials, petrochemical and other industries , and showed a broad application prospects . The reserves and production of tungsten are in the world, but also about antioxidant tungsten rhenium thermocouples and consumable tungsten rhenium thermocouples development and application is also a leader in the world . In order to solve the tungsten rhenium thermocouple problems in practical use , it has been explored in a non- oxidizing atmosphere stability, but in an oxidizing atmosphere stability has not been reported , which is an antioxidant tungsten rhenium thermocouple emergence of new issues , with a clear theoretical significance and practical value.


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Tungsten- rhenium thermocouples is 60 years developed a high-temperature thermocouples, tungsten / ( tungsten- rhenium -26 ) , ( -3 tungsten rhenium ) / ( -25 tungsten rhenium ) , ( tungsten- rhenium -5 ) / ( W - 26 rhenium ) and ( tungsten rhenium -5 ) / ( -20 tungsten rhenium ), etc. Long-term use temperature of 2000 ~ 2400 ℃, short-term use up to 3000 ℃. In the low-temperature thermocouples , ( copper -2.1 cobalt ) / Cu thermocouple, the 10K or more thermoelectric power greater than 10μV / K; gold contains trace amounts ( about 0.07 atomic percent ) alloy of iron and nickel-chromium alloy thermocouples at liquid helium temperature (4K) thermoelectric power greater than 10μV / K, all the better . ( Pt -0.1 Mo ) / ( Pt -5 Mo ) , ( Pt -1 Mo ) / ( Pt -5 Mo ) and tungsten , and 0.5 to 1 ( atomic% ) alloy of osmium and rhenium tungsten alloy thermocouples etc. can be used in the nuclear radiation conditions . In addition to metallic materials, graphite and other non-metallic materials, refractory compounds can also be used as high temperature thermocouples. The advantage of such materials are high melting point , high temperature stability, high thermal potential and thermoelectric power , etc. ; drawback is brittle materials , graphite is easy to absorb moisture and changes in thermal resistance , poor reproducibility , but also in research and development into . Such thermocouples with carbon / graphite , graphite / carbide , carbide / carbide .

Tungsten- rhenium thermocouples ! Generally in a vacuum or reducing atmosphere used , if the transmission distance is long , it requires specialized wire compensation .

Tungsten- rhenium thermocouple as an excellent high-temperature measurement sensor , the maximum temperature can reach 2800 ℃, is currently measured temperature above 1800 ℃ better contact industrial thermocouples, are widely used in aero-engine plume exploration , petrochemical heavy oil cracking furnace, coal gasification , metallurgical atmosphere furnace , nuclear reactor core temperature measurement. tungsten rhenium thermocouple wire in an inert gas and dry hydrogen thermoelectric properties stable, but vulnerable in an oxidizing atmosphere oxidation at different oxygen partial oxidization of the linear , when a very complete oxidation of the material properties which cause a qualitative change , it will lead to fundamental changes in thermoelectric properties .

1 In order to make the tungsten rhenium thermocouple wire used in an oxidizing atmosphere , and foreign scholars have done a lot of research, using a variety of oxidation technology so that it can be applied to an oxidizing atmosphere , for example , the coating protection law, taking the sealing Protection Act , taking the inflatable seal protection law, fill seal protection law.

2 , but on the tungsten rhenium thermocouple wire in nitrogen , high temperature stability of carbon in the environment has not been reported in this study through the tungsten rhenium thermocouples field failure analysis , discussion in nitrogen, high-temperature carbon environment, tungsten failure of rhenium thermocouples , has obvious theoretical significance and practical value !

Are many types of thermocouples , thermocouple domestic industry is widely used for the current product quality and classification of the different manufacturers , product quality and performance has a different problem , as technology continues to improve , the product and quality of life has made ​​great progress !


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Tungsten -3 rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire is mainly used for the electron gun , TCD filament , packaging and testing probe card, the alloying element rhenium uniformity and processing difficulty, products are mostly dependent on imports , the project by improving the level of technology and equipment level , successfully prepared tungsten rhenium alloy wire , and to achieve mass production, downstream manufacturers to meet domestic requirements , to replace imported tungsten rhenium wire, mainly used in electronics technology, high-temperature alloy technology and aerospace technology and other aspects :

Tube material often subject to temperature changes and strong vibration , tube filament tungsten rhenium alloy wire used , a wide composition range . Requires high -performance anti- sagging filament , generally doped tungsten -3 rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire , requiring good low temperature ductility filament , usually tungsten -20 -25 rhenium tungsten rhenium and tungsten rhenium alloy wire. Satellite tubes require long life, high reliability , anti- vibration , launch satellites , tubes typically are exposed to 5-8G acceleration of gravity , -3 rhenium tungsten filament material requires tungsten rhenium alloy wire as the filament in order to meet the requirements.

Medical treatment machines and industrial inspection machines accelerated electron gun filament heated tungsten rhenium alloy wire must be used , while ensuring the performance requirements , to meet the long life requirements.

Folding pressure rectifier filament choose tungsten rhenium alloy wire production, not brittle , splitting fracture , rectifier electrical parameters of good consistency.
Tungsten- rhenium alloy is also used in the X-ray tube anode target target surface , the radiation effect, electron impact resistance performance is good , focal path loss, the focus is small, reducing the anode angle , the rotation is an excellent anode material. Tungsten- rhenium alloy target having a tungsten target both high penetration ability, and a molybdenum target and good color characteristics, in practice , the use of low voltage, for different thickness of the soft tissue , light metals and nonmetal soft X radiographs , with good results ; using a high voltage , it has the same effect as the tungsten target , as a target multipurpose .

Many commonly used electrical switch contact material into a car horn contacts and ignition contacts, voltage regulator contacts , telephone contacts and so on. In operation, the friction between each pair of contacts and spark erosion and high frequency characteristics of the contact , the contact material shall satisfy the following requirements, such as materials, contact resistance, arc volt-ampere characteristics and erosion rates of small and small , tungsten- rhenium alloy contact material is used for the development of new products in recent years , its performance can be used with platinum, rhodium and other noble metal contact material comparable.

In short , tungsten rhenium alloys are widely used in resistor technology , thermal control , modern nuclear technology, astronautics technology, high temperature technology , instrumentation , power vacuum , electrical contact and wear-resistant materials.

High-performance tungsten rhenium alloy completion of the project to achieve a tungsten -3 rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire production, but only this one type of tungsten- rhenium wire unable to enter the high-temperature thermocouple industry , in the next phase , rhenium tungsten -3 tungsten- rhenium alloy wire preparation techniques , based on improved equipment and processes through exploration, accumulated successful experience and data , other types of tungsten alloy for late development and lay a solid technology, tungsten, rhenium and tungsten -26 -20 rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire production.


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High-performance tungsten rhenium alloy project role significance ( direct economic and social benefits )

1 ) Direct Economic Benefits : in 2008 , the production of tungsten rhenium wire 10 million meters or more, thick wire is higher than 75% of total finished goods ; sales income of 200 million yuan, profit of 500,000 yuan ; 2009 , to achieve industrialization.

2 ) Social Significance : Tungsten -3 rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire is mainly used for the electron gun , TCD filament , packaging and testing probe cards , etc., as rhenium alloy element distribution uniformity and processing difficulty is high, products are mostly dependent on imports , the project By improving the level of technology and equipment level , successfully prepared tungsten rhenium alloy wire , and to achieve mass production, downstream manufacturers to meet domestic requirements , to replace imported tungsten rhenium wire , to fill the domestic blank, rich variety of high-end products, tungsten , and promote China development of deep processing power to tungsten .

High-performance tungsten rhenium alloy project promotion prospects

The project has achieved mass production , and achieve good economic returns , the products are mainly used in the electron gun , TCD filament , packaging and testing probe cards. In recent years , China's rapid development of chip production , China's manufacturing base has become the chip packaging and testing requirements of the test probe cards is growing, packaging and testing for the project with a tungsten rhenium wire probe card provides a broad development prospects .

Tungsten- rhenium alloy excellent thermoelectric properties and a high melting point , making it the highest maximum temperature contact method of the material , measurable 2800 ℃ high temperature . As fast thermocouple, use in the metallurgical industry steel and tungsten rhenium thermocouples measure the temperature of molten iron in the chemical industry in the tungsten- rhenium thermocouples used instead of expensive platinum-rhodium thermocouple . This helps greatly reduce costs, but also for the tungsten rhenium alloy explore a wider range of ways to apply . By a combination of a tungsten rhenium alloy wire thermocouple to measure the temperature of the upper electrode is close to the melting point of the rich rhenium . Compare with other thermocouples , tungsten rhenium thermocouple output thermoelectric power maximum , the highest sensitivity , thermoelectric power increases with the rhenium content increased.

Thus, the completion of the project to achieve a tungsten -3 rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire production, in the next phase , the tungsten rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire -3 preparation techniques , based on improved equipment and processes through exploration, accumulated successful experience and data for other types of post- tungsten alloy development and lay a solid technology, tungsten, rhenium and tungsten -26 -20 rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire production, tungsten- rhenium alloy systematically expand the company's product range and product quality, reserves to rely on technology to improve the company's competitiveness and profitability , instead of high-end imported tungsten rhenium wire.


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High-performance tungsten rhenium alloy production must first address the element rhenium alloy homogeneous distribution, which is the production of tungsten rhenium alloy wire preparation of the core technology ; swaged , annealing and drawing process parameters and process selection is tungsten- rhenium alloy wire thermal deformation processing of key technologies.

The Innovation of This Project Is To :

A ) the introduction of the food industry used in the medical use of horizontal mixing pot doping , the use of two solid-liquid doping process , to ensure the amount of rhenium and homogeneous distribution of elements are added at the same time , ensure that potassium alloy , aluminum, sulfur content in a certain range .

2 ) tungsten- rhenium alloys with rhenium solid solution strengthening effect now , alloy hardening speed, using a small compression ratio , the corresponding annealing point selection , the successful introduction of
3.7mm tungsten rod to protect high hydrogen annealing process and protection of the filament is energized hydrogen annealing solution annealing process of oxidation caused by burning and tungsten- rhenium combustion phenomenon.

Doping the second liquid , a liquid doping - pickling process , to ensure potassium alloys , aluminum and sulfur contents of the required range of the alloy ; medical food into the pot as a dopant doped with horizontal , 30kg pickling tungsten powder and the amount of ammonium perrhenate solution was stirred until dry, combination through this process to ensure that the ammonium perrhenate crystals wrapped in each uniform surface tungsten particles precipitated , makes the material in the hydrogen reduction process occurs pre-alloyed for homogeneous distribution of rhenium tungsten rhenium alloy wire to provide an initial ingredients guaranteed.

Tungsten- rhenium alloys with rhenium solid solution strengthening effect now , alloy hardening speed, using a small compression ratio , the corresponding annealing point selection , the successful introduction of hydrogen tungsten rod 3.7mm induction annealing process and the protection of the filament is energized hydrogen annealing protection solution cause oxidation during annealing and tungsten- rhenium burning combustion phenomenon, determined from the whole of 17mm ~ 2mg/200mm tungsten thermal deformation process , a small compression ratio and 7 times the annealing process combination processing to the diameter 0.39mm tungsten single weight of not less than 2.8kg, has reached the international advanced level.


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Since the late 1950s , tungsten rhenium alloy has been successfully in many fields of applications, such as high technology , electric vacuum industry, lamp industry, nuclear industry, analysis of technical, medical and chemical . Rhenium content with other tungsten rhenium wire compared to alloy wire doped W-3Re unique properties , high strength, good plasticity, doped W-3Re has the highest recrystallization temperature , 2500 ℃, coupled with a melting point of 3360 ℃, high temperature technology, electric vacuum industry, lamp industry, nuclear industry, analysis of technical, medical and chemical industries widely used, is a rare , hard to replace high-temperature materials.

But today, many areas of our country used W-3Re alloy wire is still dependent on imports, such as CRT electron gun , gas chromatograph thermal conductivity detector , vacuum tube industry , electronics assembly and test probe card of tungsten rhenium wire . W-3Re alloy wire localization without bulk main reasons: one , tungsten rhenium wire in the process , quick hardening , annealing must be timely and difficult process ; Second, China's tungsten industry processing means rich enough , invested more than R & D funding , limiting the development speed . As China's tungsten industry leading enterprises, Hong Lu Xiamen postdoctoral workstation by the company and the National Engineering Research Center of tungsten tungsten rhenium wire proposed R & D project topics , research and development of high-performance tungsten- rhenium alloy wire , in order to meet the needs of domestic users , reduce business risk , enriching the company tungsten product categories.

Application areas and technical principles

Application: tungsten rhenium alloy wire is mainly used for the electron gun , TCD filament , packaging and testing probe cards , etc., as rhenium alloy element distribution uniformity and processing difficulty is high, products are mostly dependent on imports , the project by improving the level of technology and equipment level, successfully prepared tungsten rhenium alloy wire , and to achieve mass production, downstream manufacturers to meet domestic requirements , to replace imported tungsten rhenium wire.

Technical principle: tungsten rhenium alloy can be prepared by a variety of ingredients , tungsten rhenium alloy compared with pure tungsten , rhenium alloy elements added during deformation , is conducive to the formation of twin crystals , reducing the deformation process of stacking fault energy , reducing the grain boundary movement of dislocations impedance ( Pearce - Nabarro stress ) , resulting in increased mobility of dislocations , the alloy exhibits a high ductility. Tungsten- rhenium alloy uneven good plasticity and strength , high hardness, which is usually called " rhenium effect ." Since rhenium effect , tungsten rhenium alloy has a series of excellent performance , high melting point, high hardness, high strength, high ductility, high resistivity , high values ​​of thermoelectric power , high recrystallization temperature , low vapor pressure , low electron work function and low ductile-brittle transition temperature. Tungsten- rhenium alloy is an excellent high-temperature structural materials technology in electronics , thermal control , modern nuclear technology and Space Technology , temperature field , instrumentation , electrical , and other cutting-edge technology have been widely used.


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