In view of global tungsten trend and forecast

Industry advisory body to Roskill Information Services company headquartered in London in a report entitled "Tungsten: to the market outlook for 2016 (10)" industry report pointed out that, in the 1990s, the global tungsten market is characterized by oversupplycheap tungsten products flooding the market from China. This means that the product prices far below the cost of production, the most western tungsten producers have had to stop production. However, since 2000, the Chinese government began to take action by imposing production and export quotas, and the cancellation of export tax rebates on tungsten products, its tungsten industry control.

Carbide Drills material is tungsten and cobalt steel. In the era of oversupply, manufacturers and government agencies to reserve a large number of tungsten. These reserves of tungsten market prices played a "braking" effect. Now, most of these reserves of tungsten have been sold since 2005/2006, the the tungsten price movements and their supply / demand fundamentals related growing.
The start of the global economic downturn in 2009, the price of tungsten has dropped sharply. Chinese ammonium paratungstate (APT) prices fell by more than 20% from the end of 2008 to early 2010, the price of tungsten in Europe has seen a similar decline. Such a price decline of about 92% occurred in the first half of 2009, to stabilize the price of tungsten shows early signs of the second half of 2009. As the global economy began to improve from the fourth quarter of 2009, demand for tungsten also rebounded. Throughout 2010, the general improvement of the degree of economic boom the tungsten price rose steadily. In 2011, due to the supply of tungsten is difficult to fully meet the needs of the economic recovery of tungsten, tungsten price rising trend was accelerated.
Compared with the price trend similar metals (such as cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum), the tungsten price movements show that the strong tungsten market fundamentals. 2009, tungsten price decline up to 25% (see January 2007), significantly less than the price of some other metal decreased (70% nickel, molybdenum 68%, 43% cobalt). Since the 2009 credit crisis and economic recession, the the tungsten price rise also more robust. July 2011, when the cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum prices are still lower than the January 2007 price level (price index for 64, 64 and 58, respectively), the price of tungsten has 180% of the price in January 2007. This seems to be a clear indication that a relatively tight supply of tungsten, when demand is low, the price is relatively strong, and now has been restored to its pre-crisis level of consumption of tungsten, a strong rise in its price.
Years (ie not including recycling), and initial production of tungsten production rose steadily, from 35,650 tons of tungsten in 1998 increased to 56,500 tons of tungsten in 2008, an average annual growth rate of 4.7%. 2009, despite a sharp decline in demand for tungsten, tungsten production was further increased to approximately 61,500 tons of tungsten. This is almost entirely because of China's tungsten production increased 7,500 tons of Chinese tungsten consumption continues to grow, although other countries of the world economy was in trouble, but. 2010, with a further increase of Chinese tungsten production, global tungsten production again jumped to nearly 70,000 tons.

Historically, the initial production of tungsten can not fully meet the market demand, the need to make up the gap in the market through the sale of reserves tungsten. Most of these reserve materials are the former Soviet Union countries, but it is believed to now have been depleted. Strategic reserves of tungsten in the United States continued to decrease in speed of about 2,000-3,000 tons per year.
2009 credit crisis and subsequent economic recession means that most of the tungsten resource development projects have to consider the situation of the capital market. Two years ago, for any project financing are very difficult, even now, still limited funds there is a fierce competition. As a result, due to the commissioning of financing delays, the most important tungsten ore development projects are delayed at least 12 to 18 months. Beginning in 2011, with some projects have been delayed by the credit crunch put into operation, the production of tungsten ore may appear relatively strong growth. Most of the new project is expected to be commissioned in 2013-2015, but can not rule out the possibility of further delay commissioning date, which means that the significant growth of the tungsten production may occur in the period 2014-2016. The Roskill company forecast 2011 global tungsten mineral amount may be increased to 72,000 tons of tungsten, 2016, is expected to reach about 100,000 tons of tungsten.
 
Recovery throughout 2010 and 2011, half a year, the economic recession caused by the credit crisis as most economies outside China as well as a corresponding increase in demand for tungsten, tungsten prices have been strong gains. To the end of September 2011, the price of domestic APT 450-460 U.S. dollars / metric ton, compared with the beginning of 2011, prices of $ 330 / metric ton, in the beginning of 2010, the price is only $ 200 / t degrees. APT price is much higher than the previous (June 2005) peak price ($ 300 / metric ton).
 
The Roskill Company expects the tungsten market will fluctuate around a balanced level, 2011 and 2012, before the new supply entering the market, the tungsten market will remain in short supply in the state. The Roskill now expected in 2013, a time point will be the inflection point of the tungsten market supply exceeds demand. Assume that most of the plans tungsten mine development projects in production, it can be expected that the market appears to excess supply. However, if the time of the new supply entering the market further postponed, will soon be formed to outstrip supply, tungsten prices will remain higher than expected levels (likely to be extended to 2014).
APT in view of the current price level, Roskill expects APT average price for the whole year of 2011 will rise to a forecast $ 430 / t. 2012, is expected to only a handful of important new tungsten ore project substantially to market large supply of tungsten products, therefore, the market will continue to rely on existing manufacturer to respond to any demand growth. In view of this, Roskill expects tungsten supply will be further strained, so prices will rise further in 2012, the average price of APT will reach 475 U.S. dollars / ton.
2013-2015 period, with most of the plans of the new tungsten production capacity is expected to enter the market, is expected the tungsten price upward pressure will alleviate. Expected demand for tungsten will be continued growth after 2016, and thus generate more pressure on the supply side, and require the addition of new capacity.

Tungsten Copper Heat Sinks

Tungsten copper sheets have very high in plane conductivity provide by layers of copper and low thermal expansion provided by the inner layer  of molybdenum. These laminated sheets have the ability to spread the heat from a concentrated heat source and then dissipate the heat through the layers. They Also:
 
Offer an economical solution to many applications
Will not delaminate and can resist repeated 850' C cycles
Available in several standard ratios and many thicknesses for tailored TE machining
Are lower weight than WCu composite materials
Are available in larger and thinner sheet size
Utilize copper that is easily plated
Can be machined by EDM
WCu composites are made by infiltrating, under vacuum, uniform controlled porous blocks of tungsten with molten co pper. This results in a material with an interconnected copper matrix that has high thermal conductivity in all axis, low thermal expansion, and good electrical conductivity, Copper content can range between 10% and 25%.
 
Our tungsten copper composites to be used extensively in thermal mounting plates, chip carriers, flanges, and frames for high-powered electronic devices. With the thermal advantages of copper with the very low expansion characteristics of tungsten, tungsten copper has properties similar to those of silicone carbide, aluminum oxide, and beryllium oxide. The thermal conductivity and low expansion also make tungsten copper alloy an excellent choice even for extremely dense circuits.

 

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(X)Better Appearance.

Tungsten alloys can be plated and polished, thereby offering a wide variety of finishes.

For example: gold plated tungsten jewelry. Nowadays, gold plated tungsten is increasingly used in some field relevant to gold or platinum substitution, such as: gold plated tungsten jewelry, e.g. gold plated tungsten ring, ear ring, necklace, wrist chain, etc. Also, gold plated tungsten is widely adopted in making souvenir coins, such as memorial crown and other application such as gold plated tungsten watch band. Its hardness makes it ideal for tungsten jewelry that will resist scratching, and will not need polishing, which tungsten jewelry is especially useful in designs with a brushed finish.

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(IX)Highly Corrosion Resistant

Like lead, tungsten has excellent corrosion resistance, and is only attacked slightly by most mineral acids.

At relative humidity of fewer than 60 %, tungsten is corrosion-resistant. In moister air, discoloration starts to occur. However, this is less pronounced than in molybdenum. Even at very high temperatures, glass melts, hydrogen, nitrogen, noble gases, metallic melts and oxide ceramic melts are largely unaggressive to tungsten provided that they do not also contain oxidants…more please visit http://www.plansee.com/en/Materials-Tungsten-541.htm#Chemische_Wolfram

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(VIII)Recyclable

Tungsten parts are manufactured from powder using a powder metallurgy process. This allows each tungsten part to be recycled back to its original powder form.

The recycling tungsten heavy metal alloy powder is obtained by oxidation-reduction process. The recycling powder was mixed homogeneously with appropriate amount pure nickel and iron powder. Then the mixed powder was pressed and sintered to get the recycling tungsten heavy metal alloy. The results show that the mechanical properties of recycling tungsten heavy alloy are nearly the same to that of the alloy produced by pure metal elements mixed powder. The maximum density is 17.12 g/cm3.Hardness decreases with the increasing sintering temperature. The tensile strength and elongation get the best match when the sintering temperature is 1440 °C, the tensile strength is 922.95MPa, and the elongation is 20.18%.After vacuum heat treatment, the mechanical properties of recycling tungsten alloy improve. The tensile strength increases about 6.44%, and the elongation increase about 43.42%.

To conclude, the recycling cost is relatively small and there is a very small loss in tungsten recycling.

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(VII)Cheaper Disposal

Since Tungsten is environmentally friendly, there, are no federally mandated disposal costs associated with getting rid of tungsten, as there are with lead as it is known to all that lead interferes with the development of the nervous system and is therefore particularly toxic to children, causing potentially permanent learning and behavior disorders.

As a matter of fact, industrial scrap (new scrap) and used scrap (old scrap) are recyclable, so it does not need much effect to dispose tungsten. For example, in 2000, an estimated 46 percent of U.S tungsten supply was derived from scrap. The ratio of tungsten consumed from new scrap to that from old scrap was estimated to be 20:80.

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(VI)Versatility

Due to its high density and high melting point, tungsten is as versatile as lead, if not more so. Tungsten can be used as a lead replacement for a variety of applications:

a)        Ammunition (tungsten shot)

,

b)        Industrial (tungsten flywheels, tungsten cases, tungsten dies, tungsten rods, tungsten plates)

c)        tungsten Jewelry (tungsten rings, tungsten bracelets)

d)       Radiation Shielding (the protective mats radiologists use when taking your x-rays)

e)        Sport (tungsten darts, tungsten golf clubs, tungsten fishing weights and tungsten lures) 

f)         Stationery (the tungsten tips used in ballpoint pens)

g)        Weights (tungsten balance weights, tungsten wheel weights)

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(V)The Highest Melting Point

Tungsten has the highest melting point of any pure metal at 6170°F (3410°C), while lead melted at 621.43 °F (327.46 °C), which make tungsten rod of value in a variety of high temperature products and processes. Among them are glass-to-metal seal parts and support parts for lighting and electronics, silicon rectifier stud mounts and high temperature furnace components.

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(IV)Higher Hardness

Tungsten comes in many alloys from a machinable alloy to a diamond-hard one. The alloy can be tailored to each specific application. The hardness and density of tungsten are applied in obtaining heavy metal alloys. A good example is high speed steel, which can contain as much as 18% tungsten. Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like rocket nozzles, for example in the UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile. Superalloys containing tungsten are used in turbine blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings.

Tungsten Carbide is the choice to provide the best protection available for extreme wear and impact. It wears up to 100 times longer than steel in conditions including abrasion, erosion and galling. Wear resistance of tungsten carbide is better than that of wear-resistance tool steels. Wear resistance and heat resistance are just two of hundreds of suitable applications. It can offer wear life in excess of 5 times that of alumina ceramic and has ability for continuous operation a temperatures up to 900 degrees F (480 C). It can also be machined to very tight tolerances and to fine surface finishes as needed. WC is used to make wear-resistant abrasives and cutters and knives for drills, circular saws, milling and turning tools used by the metalworking, woodworking, mining, petroleum and construction industries and accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption. The jewelry industry makes rings of sintered tungsten carbide, tungsten carbide/metal composites, and also metallic tungsten. Because of tungsten carbide's hardness, rings made of this material are extremely abrasion resistant, and will hold a burnished finish longer than rings made of metallic tungsten. 

 

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The Reason Why Tungsten Is Better Than Lead---(III)Non-Toxic Alternative

Unlike lead, tungsten is not toxic, so it can be used in numerous applications.

Lead has already been phased out of kids’ toys, electronics, and electrical equipment because it interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, reproductive and nervous systems, therefore particularly toxic to children, causing potentially permanent learning and behavior disorders. New regulations for lead paint removal go into effect in April 2010. At some point all lead use will be phased out, so why not get a jump on finding environmentally-friendly lead alternatives, like tungsten?

 

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