If you have read How Television Works or watched What If I Shot My TV?, then you have heard about electron guns. They sound a little bit like something out of "Star Wars," but they're actually the devices that are the heart of most TVs and computer monitors.

The idea behind an electron gun is to create electrons and then accelerate them to a very high speed. In a cathode ray tube (CRT) -- the big glass tube used in most televisions and computer monitors -- the electrons get aimed at the screen, where they light up the phosphor on the screen to create the image.

The electron gun starts with a small heater, which is a lot like the hot, bright filament of a regular light bulb. It heats a cathode, which emits a cloud of electrons. Two anodes turn the cloud into an electron beam:

• The accelerating anode attracts the electrons and accelerates them toward the screen.
• The focusing anode turns the stream of electrons into a very fine beam.

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Tungsten darts come in many different varieties and percentages.  You will see the most common being 70%, which usually means 70% tungsten, 30% nickel.  In older sets tungsten was sometimes mixed with copper; however those are very unusual to find anymore.  However, you can find darts with a trace of tungsten up to about 98% tungsten in the more expensive sets.  Remember the more tungsten you buy, the darts will hold up better, last longer, and be thinner, which will help your shooting.  

50-70% Tungsten - will usually cost less than $40 and will be sold at larger chain stores and sporting goods stores.  You really have to watch out for cheaper, mass produced imports in this category.  These will be very common, but not the best darts for the long haul.

80% Tungsten – will usually cost $20-$50 and I would consider these the most common darts sold to league players.  Many of the players in our lower conferences (newer, inexperienced, shooters) use these darts.  You can find these online, vendors at dart tournaments, and occasionally at a sporting goods store with a larger selection of dart supplies.

90% Tungsten – will usually cost $50-$100 and can be found online from numerous retailers.  These darts are most common with guys in the league that I would consider regulars.  They have worked on their game some and have slipped into a pretty consistent way of shooting.  There are numerous manufacturers to choose from with a wide variety of models, this is where an individuals feel will come into play.  You really need to pick a few of these up and see what is the most comfortable for you.

95-98% Tungsten – will usually cost more than $100 to purchase, not running more than $200 on a consistent basis.  These darts will be extremely thin and if you have real potential for developing your game into an elite shooter I recommend these.  When I say elite shooter, which means local for your area also, not just the professionals.  If I could find the time to shoot every night to really work on my game, then I would definitely consider investing in these darts, because they will really help with groupings of the darts.

Depending on your level of interests in darts, there is a large variety of tungsten darts to purchase, remember to read the packaging carefully to find out exactly the amount of tungsten you are getting for your money.  


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From 1965 to 1972, the US Army conducted a parallel development program for the 152mm XM578 cartridge, which was co-developed with the prototype MBT-70 Tank. The XM578 cartridge used a tungsten alloy that was slightly denser than the British alloy, consisting of 97.5 percent tungsten and 2.5 percent binder, which had a density of 18.5 gm/cc.

In response to the new operational requirements, military developers evaluated a succession of metal alloys. Initially, the British government developed a higher density tungsten alloy consisting of 93 percent tungsten and 7 percent binder tungsten alloy (WA). The new WA alloy had a density of 17 gm/cc -- versus 13 gm/cc for tungsten carbide.


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Tungsten darts are not cheap, in fact they can be very expensive the more tungsten you get.  However if you are looking to work on your dart game, these are the best darts to purchase.  They are the choice of professional darters and are the logical choice for the most effective shooting. 

Tungsten is a naturally occurring mineral that appears grayish in color and is always found combined with other minerals when mined from the Earth.  The compounds mined the most are wolframite and scheelite.  On its own tungsten is a very dense mineral with a high melting point, this density is what makes it ideal for darts.  Over 75% of the mining production occurs in China.  

The dense material allows the dart to be the same weight as other darts, but up to half the size.  This allows the darter to throw tighter groupings with all three darts.  So, it is easier to throw a ton80 (three triple twenties) with tungsten darts then it would be with wooden, brass, or nickel darts.


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The welding arc can be started by scratching the surface, forming a short-circuit. It is only when the short-circuit is broken that the main welding current will flow. However, there is a risk that the electrode may stick to the surface and cause a tungsten inclusion in the weld. This risk can be minimised using the 'lift arc' technique where the short-circuit is formed at a very low current level. The most common way of starting the TIG arc is to use HF (High Frequency). HF consists of high voltage sparks of several thousand volts which last for a few microseconds. The HF sparks will cause the electrode - workpiece gap to break down or ionise. Once an electron/ion cloud is formed, current can flow from the power source.
HF is also important in stabilising the AC arc; in AC, electrode polarity is reversed at a frequency of about 50 times per second, causing the arc to be extinguished at each polarity change. To ensure that the arc is reignited at each reversal of polarity, HF sparks are generated across the electrode/workpiece gap to coincide with the beginning of each half-cycle.

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Tungsten has the highest melting point (3422°C) of all the non-alloyed metals. It can keep its strength and stiffness at high temperatures. Tungsten has good thermal conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance, and lowest thermal expansion of any pure metal.
Tungsten is suitable for aerospace and high temperature uses which include electrical, heating, and welding applications. Hardness and density properties make this metal ideal for making heavy metal alloys such as copper tungsten that are used in armament, heat sinks, and high density applications.

 
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Choosing the right sinker for the situation can be critical to your success when fishing. I'll describe a few common scenarios where the sinker used is particularly important.

Rock Fishing：When rock fishing one of the biggest concerns is the expense and time wasted by getting stuck in snags. The best approach in my opinion is to use a spoon sinker.Another tip for fishing in snaggy areas is to attach your sinker using lighter line than the rest of the rig that way you'll only lose the sinker if it gets snagged and you'll still have your hooks.

Beach Fishing:The problems encountered with beach fishing are very different to those in rock fishing. On a beach you generally don't have to worry much about snags. The problems are caused by currents and wave action.under this     circumstance,the grapnel sinker is a good choice.

Picky Fish:In some conditions the the fish will just pick at the bait and if they feel any resistance then they'll often leave the bait. In these situations you want as little weight as possible. If you can get away with no sinker at all then that is ideal. If you need to cast a long distance or are fishing in a strong current or deep water though you're still going to need a sinker. This is where using a running rig with a ball or egg sinker is good.

These are just some common situations where I've found sinker choice is very important. With a bit of logic you should be able to choose sinkers appropriate for other situations as well. It's always worth giving this a bit of thought.


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There are two non-radioactive tungsten materials have been developed. The first one, introduced in the 1980's, is most commonly available as 2% ceriated tungsten. This material is commonly used for lower amperage DC welding applications. In fact, it holds a very high market share in sales for the orbital welding process.

More recently, 1½% lanthanated tungsten has emerged as what could be the future standard for tungsten electrodes. The 1½% by weight content (as opposed to 2%) was chosen by three of the largest manufacturers as the optimum content amount based on scientific studies which showed that this content amount most closely mirrors the conductivity characteristics of 2% thoriated tungsten. Therefore, welders can usually easily replace their radioactive 2% thoriated material with this tungsten and not have to make any welding program changes. In addition, since the lanthanum oxide material is less dense that thorium oxide, a stick of 1½% (by weight) lanthanated tungsten actually contains 15% more oxides by volume than a stick of 2% (by weight) thoriated tungsten. This aids in arc starting and stability, as well as longevity, because the additional volume of oxides keep the tip cooler.

Finally, 1½% lanthanated tungsten is suitable for both AC and DC welding applications. Therefore, facilities that stock both 2% thoriated tungsten for DC welding and another tungsten type (usually pure or zirconiated tungsten) for AC welding, could stock only one tungsten type.

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Tungsten heavy alloy is increasingly adopted in tungsten alloy defense as the raw material to make parts of military products, such as bullet, armor and shells, shrapnel head, grenade, hunting gun, bullet warheads, bulletproof vehicles, tank panzers, cannons, firearms, etc. A major use for tungsten heavy alloy is in kinetic energy penetrators, where they are in direct competition with depleted uranium (DU).

The Army uses of powder metallurgy (P/M) extend from the conventional press and sinter to the more exotic processes of liquid phase sintering of tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) and powder injection molding (PIM). The Navy has taken great advantage of WHA by employing them iii the phalanx close-in weapon system (CIWS). The Army intends that research will lead to an alloy or composite of tungsten that, when used as a long rod penetrator, will perform as well as, or better than, current depleted uranium (DU) penetrators. Tungsten Heavy Alloys (WHAs) are the best choice when Designers in defense industries, WHAs are the ideal material which combines high density, good mechanical strength and which is easily machined, tungsten alloy for mlilitary defense is very important

The International Institute of Welding Health and Safety Commission VIII states that there are no specific hazards regarding storage, handling or welding but dust extraction equipment should be used on the grindstone and respiratory protection should be worn by the operator during grinding. This is covered by the Health and Safety Executive Guidance note HS(6) 53 The selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment.

In the UK the use of thoriated tungsten electrodes is subject to the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999. Exposure must be kept as low as is reasonably practicable, and the guidelines in the previous sections are designed to achieve this.

Local rules and adequate supervision are required. The employer must appoint a Radiation Protection Supervisor (RPS), who should be responsible for

Firs,the implementation and monitoring of all health and safety procedures for the storage, grinding, use and disposal of thoriated tungsten electrodes and all by-products.
Second, keeping records of the amount of thoriated tungsten in store, and the numbers of electrodes issued to each welder.
Third, giving instruction in the correct use and grinding procedures to the welders. These procedures should be in the form of written instructions, in addition to verbal presentations. The welders must know the name to the RPS.
Fourth, monitoring to check that the welders are carrying out the grinding procedures correctly, and that the dust extraction system is working effectively.

 

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