Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the most popular renewable energy equipment, which has been studied for its light weight, simple manufacturing process, low cost, transparency, good plasticity, and environmental friendliness. The photoanode is one of the main factors affecting the energy conversion efficiency of DSSCs. The efficiency of DSSC-based titanium dioxide (TiO2) is significantly limited by the high interface photogenerated electron-hole recombination rate and the low electron mobility of the TiO2 photoanode.

Nearly 20% of water pollution is caused by the leather and textile industries. Textile wastewater contains a lot of organic pollutants, including dyes that are widely used in industry. At the same time, printing and dyeing wastewater has also caused water problems and health problems.

Aromatic nitration has long been an important process in industrial chemistry, because nitroaromatic products are widely used as dyes, pesticides, solvents, drugs, and intermediates for the manufacture of synthetic dyes and other chemicals. Traditionally nitration is carried out by using mixture of concentrated nitric acid (98%) and sulphuric acid in the proportion of 1:2. However the process produces large quantity of dilute sulphuric acid which leads to environmental pollution.

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is an odorless, colorless, oily liquid. It is used to make plastics, pesticides, cosmetics, and aspirin, as well as toothbrushes, auto parts, toys, tools and food packaging. At the same time, DEP has a negative impact on human health and causes environmental problems.