Electrochromism (EC) is a phenomenon that induces a reversible optical change (coloration/bleaching) in a material by applying a small electric field. Tungsten oxide (WO3) is the most widely studied electrochromic material due to its outstanding electrochromic (EC) properties. Materials that can continuously and reversibly change color under reversible electrochemical processes are called electrochromic materials, which have been widely used to fabricate light modulation devices. Among these devices, anti-glare car mirrors have been commercialized, and smart windows are currently driving intensive development.

A collimator, a device used to transform the diverging light or other radiation from a point light source into a parallel beam. Special measurements in spectroscopy and in geometric and physical optics require this kind of collimation.

Tungsten pins, also named tungsten needles or tungsten electrodes, are a typical tungsten product with purity of 99.95%. It has a silver-white appearance, a slender structure, a length of 20mm-1000mm, and a diameter of 0.3mm-10mm. Usually, the product is customized. 

Aoyama Aoyama, a visiting professor at the University of Tsukuba, Japan, recently released the results of his research at an international seminar hosted by Fukushima University. Said that the radioactive substance cesium 137 that entered the ocean in the 2011 Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident arrived on the west coast of the United States and traveled northward, passing by the Bering Sea, the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, returns to the northeastern coast of Japan in about 7 to 8 years.