" At present, the production of rare earth industry to fully surplus , and foreign rare earth mine in the exploration and development and new achievements . ' external attack ' below , the situation of China's rare earth enterprises is very optimistic . "President Baotou Rare Earth Research Institute杨占峰not without concern said.

It is understood that the amount of China's rare earth resources proved once accounted for nearly 90 % of the world 's rare earth industry has developed rapidly , fame . Today, the production in the upper reaches of China's rare earth industry , such as the separation of rare earth smelting, alloy materials, and other areas can have serious excess capacity, while at the international level , the United Kingdom , Russia and other major developers have announced the news of rare earth projects , which will allow domestic rare earth enterprises flu preparation pressure.

Secretary-General of China Rare Earth Industry Association马荣璋other industry sources, the current separation of rare earth smelting enterprises have more than 110 , with an annual capacity of about 300,000 tons , but in 2012 China 's rare earth separation smelting legitimate product yield only 8.2 million tons in recent years global annual consumption of rare earth is only about 12 million tons. So accounting down , comprehensive utilization rate of China's rare earth separation smelting enterprises less than 30 %.

" stimulated by economic interests , over the past few years , China's production of rare earth alloys expanded rapidly , showing a general overcapacity situation. " Zhuang Zhigang said.

Although rare in the upstream business serious excess production capacity , but all over the rare earth industry in our new projects and industrial parks are still large numbers.

" In 2000, the annual output of NdFeB rare earth permanent magnet materials can only 0.8 million tons, in just 10 years, the production capacity will grow by 30 times , but the expansion, the new project is still emerging. " Beijing Channel Consulting Co. analyst Chi Wu Chen -hui said.

Since 2010, many parts of China 's rare earth industry in the construction and planning of the park , across the country about 18 rare earth industrial park. These parks and many more resources for the core extends downstream industries , involving rare earth smelting and separation of rare earth alloy materials production and processing , planning and similar low-level redundant construction of a serious problem .

Although the domestic rare earth industry capacity has been saturated , but affected by the international market factors such as rising prices of rare earth , the United States , Australia, Russia , India, Brazil , Thailand and other countries in recent years have started to recover or start the development of rare earth resources. As these projects come on stream , China's rare earth industry will face even greater pressure on the operation .

For this external pressure , insiders believe that not a bad thing . Zhang Anwen , deputy secretary general of China Society of Rare Earths , said: " Supply pattern changed in favor of China's rare earth mine life extension , in favor of sustainable use of rare earth resources . Over the past 20 years, the world's rare earth supply is heavily dependent on China , leading to excessive consumption of China's rare earth resources , illegal exploitation , destruction of the ecological environment issues outstanding. "

In the formation of large rare earth group speed , while China will by environmental verification , environmental restoration , resource tax reform and improve industry access policies , mandatory plan to optimize production management , improve relevant laws and regulations and other measures to increase the production capacity of rare earth behind out of efforts to further promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure of rare earth .

"In the future , the development direction of China's rare earth industry is the production of high value-added products must raise the level of resource utilization , improve product competitiveness , so as to maintain the advantage. " Marong Zhang said.

The industry believes that the global supply of rare earth diversified pattern has formed , our share would decline, but the future of China's rare earth dominance in the international market will be difficult to shake. Currently, foreign rare earth development projects mainly produce light rare earth products, so the light rare earth products in the future market competition will become increasingly intense, but China will dominate the production of heavy rare earth supply .


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Rare is known as the "industrial MSG ," even as the " 21st century gold" , "mother of the new material" , has an important economic value and strategic value. Rare excellent with rich light, electricity, magnetism , superconductivity , catalytic properties, are widely used in advanced technology areas ( such as new energy , defense and military ) , is a strategic non-renewable resources . Almost everywhere in the application of rare earth elements , which have broad and important applications in all aspects of energy, information, environmental protection , health, agriculture and defense , involving all aspects of modern life. In particular, their optical , magnetic properties have been widely used in today's new materials, new technology, currently containing rare earth functional materials has reached more than 50 categories, therefore , was hailed as a rare treasure trove of new century high-tech and functional materials It can be said rare earth has become a modern high-tech industry and an important international competition strategic resources . Rare , especially in foreign countries is important for the military , which is greatly improved tactical performance leap for the manufacture of tanks, planes, missiles, steel, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys , rare earth science and technology to bring about a qualitative military technology . If Patriot "missiles able to easily destroy " Scud "missiles , is due to the" Patriot " guidance system used in about 4 kg of samarium cobalt magnets and NdFeB magnets for the missiles, the United States no not all the modern stealth fighter using new materials containing rare earths . Also learned that Toyota and GM will launch an electric motor car using rare earth elements in the next year . With the understanding of the special nature of the rare earth elements and found that every 3 to 5 years , you will find a new use of rare earth.

Data shows that in today's world every 5 invention patents will have a relevant and rare earths . As countries seek to reduce fossil fuel use in the coming decades , the rare earth market is destined to grow geometrically rendered . Important strategic position of rare earth resources in the international competition in high-tech industries based status quo of China's rare earth resources development , in particular made ​​the following observations and recommendations on the adjustment of China's rare earth resources in the national strategy to upgrade.

A defect status and rare earth resources of national strategies

The status quo of China's rare earth resources, there have been some chaos , rare earth resources in the national strategy to face a lot of confusion in the process of socio-economic development , the government's decision in a dilemma .

1, the status quo of China 's rare earth resources protection

China 's rare earth reserves was 71.1% of the world, but in 2012 the State Council Information Office published " China 's rare earth conditions and policies ," White Paper , China's rare earth reserves account for about 23% of the world's total reserves. Among just three decades of reform and opening up , our country has been betrayed 48.10% rare earth reserves , at current production rates , China 's medium and heavy rare earth reserves only class for 15 to 20 years , there may need to be imported . The strategy for the protection of rare earth resources and the resource advantages into economic advantages , for many years the Chinese government has implemented a series of rare earth resources, control measures , and achieved certain results at the same time , there are still many problems.

2 , the presence of rare earth resources in the national strategic issues

Country had to account for 71.1 per cent of the world's rare earths proud , while only 23% down to the current reserves , we should feel tremendous guilt and deep remorse , " Why did not we Chinese people to protect and make good fathers to stay wealth and resources ? " Every one of our government and the Chinese people should be traced to recognize their deficiencies , changing strategic thinking and decision making. My analysis for the following reasons :

( 1 ) people 's awareness of rare earth resources, weak. October 2010 , U.S. energy policy analyst Mark Humphrey Adams entitled to submit to Congress . " Rare earth elements : the global supply chain ," the report lists the relevant statistics in 2009 , in which China 's rare earth reserves 36,000,000 tons, accounting for 36% of world output 120,000 tons , accounting for 97% of the world ; Russian reserves of 19 million tons , accounting for 19% of the world ; U.S. reserves of 13 million tons , accounting for 13% of the world ; Australia's reserves of 5.4 million tons , accounting for 5 % of the world ; India's reserves of 310 million tons, accounting for 3% of the world production of 2,700 tons , accounting for 2% of the world . In addition to China , the country 's rare earth production are above zero, zero mining in the state . China 30 percent of global reserves , supply more than 95% of global demand , known as " cabbage price of gold sold ." Due to the low price of Chinese rare earth , from the 1985 United States willing to shut down its rare earth mine , all imported from China ; Japan imports a lot of Chinese rare earth hoarding. Tracing the source of these problems is the Chinese people for too little attention to the importance of rare earth , rare earth resources in a more conscious awareness weak ; Also, nowadays people in front of a small collective interests or the pursuit of economic interests above the national interest or the long-term interests .

( 2 ) rare earth resources vicious competition the consequences . China 's exports of rare earths in the world, rare earth separating enterprises across the country reached more than 30 million tons of production capacity , and market demand only between 120,000 to 150,000 tons , of which about 30,000 international market demand to 5 million tons, domestic demand around 70,000 ~ 80,000 tons , as a demonstration of China's rare earth more serious overcapacity . From 1990 to 2005 , Chinese exports of rare earths grew nearly 10 times , but the average price has dropped to half in 1990 when . The main reason is management control , in 1998 China Rare Earth strict implementation of the quota system in 2006 , China has implemented the total rare earth mining control and management. In 2008, the state issued the "National Mineral Resources" , the market for rare earths play a role in curbing the chaos , but the situation has not changed fundamentally , the relevant data show that the annual export and smuggling of rare earth disguised about 20,000 to 30,000 tons .

Not only that , with a substantial increase significantly the quality and performance of other rare earth products, but was a " cabbage price" exported to foreign countries, according to industry sources , domestic and foreign prices of rare earth metals are worlds apart , the above table neodymium offer price 440-450 yuan / kg, while imported metal neodymium is more than 20 million / kg, equivalent to 200 yuan / gram , which contains only 10% of the tariff , that is 180 yuan / gram its international market price, equivalent to the domestic price of 409-400 times , a large disparity in the difference , so people whom surprised ! National resources so betrayed deplorable ! Therefore, the market and the mining of rare earth appeared chaos , which is quite unfavorable national strategic interests , the Chinese government must be remediation.

New issues ( 3 ) under the quota system . The Chinese government today on a certain understanding of rare earth resources , the implementation of a rare earth export quota management . Commerce Department in 2013 has released two batches of rare earth export quotas , which is 27,384 tons of light rare earths , heavy rare earth 3,617 tons , two batches totaling 31,001 tons . Such a move on the domestic rare earth exports to curb chaos played a certain role , but the emergence of new problems. Although exports of rare earth materials is strictly limited , but the purchase of raw materials in China rare earth primary products are not subject to quota restrictions , so some companies in developed countries began large-scale investment in China 's rare earth resources area factories . At present , companies in developed countries the United States , Germany, Japan , etc., have invested in China 's rare earth industry , has owned , 38 joint ventures , investment amounting to 6.1 billion yuan , they only simple processing of rare earth resources in primary products will be shipped abroad processing or reserves , so China's rare earth resources gravitropism changed beyond quota exports. Foreign investment in the country through this drill a factory law loopholes and other ways , the success of the escape of rare earth export quotas be predatory exploitation of rare earth resources , this phenomenon has seriously affected the normal development of rare earth industry.

( 4 ) mining of rare earth damaging to the environment. Beijing Nonferrous Metal Research Institute , Professor Huang Xiaowei , entitled " Clean and efficient extraction of China 's rare earth resources and the use of loops " that produce 1 ton of ionic rare earth ore consumption of 4 to 5 tons of ammonium sulfate , 1.7 tons of ammonium bicarbonate ; separation 1 ton Southern ionic rare earth ore consumption 8 to 10 tons of hydrochloric acid , liquid alkali 6 to 8 tons or 1 to 1.2 tons of liquid ammonia , etc., these chemical raw materials eventually transformed into waste water, waste or exhaust , are not effective recycling. In addition , Baotou mines and Sichuan Bastnasite contains 7% to 8 % of the fluoride , 0.2% thorium are not recycled into waste , waste gas or waste water , pollution of the environment .

Ganzhou rare earth mining began in the 1970s . Tank leaching process once used to be known as the " move mountains " campaign went mountain of vegetation have suffered great damage , but a lot of waste leaching, acid precipitation and other processes to produce rich ammonia , heavy metals and other pollutants, serious pollution drinking water and agricultural irrigation water . Some experts believe that , in fact, in order to pool leaching process , for example, every ton of mined rare earth, to destroy 200 square meters of vegetation , topsoil stripping 300 square meters , resulting in 2,000 cubic meters of tailings , resulting in 1,200 cubic meters of soil erosion annually. So in the rare earth industry " after rare barren " argument. April 16, 2012 , 42 ministries and national research group to form a coalition after Ganzhou research , forming an environmental report . The report shows that rare earth mining pollution across 18 counties in Ganzhou ( cities, districts ) , involving 302 rare earth mines abandoned legacy tailings ( waste ) reached 191 million tons , destroyed an area of ​​97.34 square kilometers of forest .

Huge funding gap has become a serious challenge facing the rare earth industry environmental governance . Deputy Minister of Industry and Information Technology Ministry , said Su Bo , the consideration paid for Chinese rare earth mining shocking , preliminary estimates, environmental pollution is only one place because Ganzhou rare earth mining caused environmental restoration governance costs as high as 38 billion yuan . In contrast, the 51 rare earth enterprises in Jiangxi Province in 2011 full-year profit of $ 6.4 billion seems inadequate. And this is just the rare earth environmental pollution problems " tip of the iceberg ." Su Bo said that the current private mining of rare earth digging , waste of resources, the situation is still rampant smuggling and other state-owned enterprises tons of rare earth mining recovery rate of only 60% , a large private enterprise recovery of only 40 %, and some private mining or digging mines only 5% of rare earth resources is a lot of waste , and thus lead to huge environmental problems. According to the ministry sources, said the North 's leading rare earth Baotou Steel Rare Earth , its environmental audit has not yet been reached. Baogang Group Bayan Obo ore , iron ore , and a large number of rare symbiosis, which in the mining of iron ore , rare earth -containing byproducts temporarily unable to use it with the waste transported through the pipeline to the tailings accumulation , over time, formed the current capacity of 170 million tons of "rare earth lake ."

Rare Experts杨万喜said that, in order to measure the current rare earth prices , although up to ten million ton , dozens or even hundreds of million yuan , but it is far smaller than the cost of environmental restoration , and in the long run is worth the candle. "Right now, the biggest bottleneck of rare earth mining is not reasonably deal with sediment and wastewater is discharged abandoned . "Gannan local cadres Li Hui Yang said. Acidic substance used to extract rare earth elements will eventually flow into the water carrying sediment qingjian and rivers, polluting nearby , has a direct threat to those Montagnards living farming for generations . CHEN Yu-guo villager said, " We can not have what ground planted . "This is private mining of rare earth indiscriminate digging behavior on the ecological environment is difficult to erase the pain .


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Ministry of Environmental Protection of Guangdong Province, announced the expansion of district Dabu rare earth mine project environmental impact report Dec. 19 on its website . Publicity period of seven days , from December 19 - December 25 .

According to reports , the Guangdong Dabu NFH and expanding area of rare earth ore mine project is located in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province. The project intends to expand existing mines in the southern mining area , mining area of 0.281 square kilometers expanded to 2.3185 square kilometers , the service life of 10 years , ore processing capacity ( equivalent ) intends to expand from 11 million tons per year to 300 million tons, using the original to leaching process , the final product of rare earth carbonate , the annual output of 2,377 tons ( equivalent to 500 tons of mixed oxide ), total recycling rate of 85.8% . Project covers an area of ​​10.38 hectares , of which 4.19 hectares of existing projects , the permanent area ; new area of ​​6.19 hectares , are temporary covering . Project does not occupy basic farmland or ecological forest , does not involve the relocation of the residents . The total investment of about 050.4 million yuan , of which 5.2915 million yuan investment in environmental protection , accounting for 10.5% of investment.


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RE market weak shocks, prices have stabilized and down, continued weak demand . Suppliers reflect more downstream procurement unit shutdown not discontinued businesses have certain procurement requirements, but still difficult to deal with inventory to meet the needs of the raw materials market . Is already the end of the year , the closer the New Year holiday , the more manufacturers that the market will be more sluggish consumption and deserted.

Praseodymium neodymium metal slightly lower 5 1000 -1 million and supplier feedback prices in 39-39.5 yuan / ton can be traded , corresponding oxide, praseodymium , neodymium prices decreased slightly 2-5 thousand dollars. Market price declines gadolinium iron oxide, praseodymium , neodymium and fairly , Ganzhou manufacturers offer temporary at 16.8-17 yuan / ton, the low price at 165,000 last week, the price is more focused on the 170,000 yuan / ton.

Prices were relatively stable mainly praseodymium, neodymium , erbium, gadolinium oxide. Inventory due to different manufacturers and traders , shipping slightly different mentality , the quotation of prices remained stable . Currently grass Shen praseodymium oxide market has certain transactions , vendors shipped price reflected in 57-57.5 yuan / ton, unchanged from last week . The understanding with the merchants , neodymium oxide recent demand is weak , fewer orders, erbium oxide prices were relatively stable, relatively little better shipments , quotes aspect has been maintained at around 35-35.5 million, or neodymium oxide traders offer at 31-32 Wan yuan / ton. Gadolinium oxide market , comprehensive price range , the price range was little changed . Manufacturers and traders offer reflects been maintained at around 155,000 yuan / ton, but some vendors ship slightly lower prices , comprehensive priced at 15-15.5 yuan / ton, unchanged from last week .

There are still some products prices slightly down or appear super cheap deal. Such as lanthanum , cerium oxide , praseodymium , neodymium metal , iron , gadolinium , dysprosium , terbium oxide , yttrium oxide and the like.
Initially, there are vendors reflect the market it was super cheap out lanthanum oxide , 3N lanthanum oxide transaction price has dropped to 20,000 yuan / ton , offer some traders on the market at 2.1-2.2 yuan / ton , 3N cerium oxide prices in the 2.3-2.4 yuan / ton. Quotes are slightly higher at around 25,000 yuan / ton , but the price is slightly lower than last week's quote of $ 1,000 / ton.

The presence of dysprosium products prices slightly adjusted , it is understood , there are traders of 172 yuan / ton price of shipping , but with the reduction in inventory , shipping prices continue to accept repatriation of 1.75 million yuan / ton. Dysprosium prices stable or slightly compared with last week down 3-4 million , Ganzhou areas vendor feedback current price of dysprosium 235 yuan / ton.

After mid- December , there are some production europium, terbium oxide manufacturers to reflect , as downstream manufacturers to stop production, significantly reducing demand , turnover Qudan . Today through with individual traders understand that some manufacturers are still in production, there are certain procurement requirements, but with the supply on the market than up, demand is still very small. Because there was no demand strong support , there are suppliers will quote dropped to 3400 yuan / kg, the price in 3700, 3800 prior to the manufacturers or traders also slightly lower prices.


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