"No One In UK Safe As Big Chill Sets In," warns Sky News. BBC is less apocalyptic but, still, prepare for demand for ice tyres.

"Forecasters predict up to two weeks of wintry weather, with plummeting temperatures and snowfall possible in many areas," warns Sky News. The BBC is not so flustered: "this week may begin a transition to some colder weather. The rest of January looks as though it may continue to bring colder than average temperatures with an increased risk of some snowfall."

But if there's a long period of ice and snow in our future, bike shops should be prepared for a spike in sales of bike tyres dotted with tungsten carbide studs. Stocks of studded tyres are likely to dwindle as the cold weather approaches.

Gritted roads may be safe to cycle on but not all roads get gritted. And unlike in the Netherlands, very few bike paths in the UK get gritted (and even fewer are heated). So, more and more cyclists who wish to keep commuting by bike are now using tyres studded with 'spikes'. In previous cold snaps studded tyres from brands such as Nokian, Conti and Schwalbe sold out very quickly.

The Schwalbe supplier in the UK - Bohle - supplies studded tyres for MTBs, 700c road and cross bikes, and some folding bikes. Cambrian Tyres stocks spike tyres from Continental: the Spike Claw for MTBs and Nordic Spike for 700c bikes.

In 2010, an NHS study found that falls on black ice are a major cause of bike crashes. The study - by NHS Bristol - was the UK’s largest and most comprehensive survey into non-collision cycling incidents, ie crashes that do not involve another road user.

The survey revealed that slipping on ice is the most common non-collision incident, being mentioned by 26 percent of respondents. The next most common incident noted was slipping on wet roads, with 8 percent of reported incidents.

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Research findings on Nuclear Physics are discussed in a new report. According to news reporting originating from Erlangen, Germany, research stated, "A new Geant4-based code MCADS (Monte Carlo model for Accelerator Driven Systems) aimed at Monte Carlo simulations of Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) is developed and validated. It is used to study neutron production and energy deposition in spallation targets made of non-fissile and fissile materials."

 "Detailed simulations are performed for monolithic tungsten and uranium targets irradiated by 600 MeV protons. We have found that the number of produced neutrons per proton is about 3 times higher in the uranium target, while the energy deposition per neutron is almost the same in both targets. We have also considered a uranium target with admixture of Am-241 and estimated its burning rate."

According to the news editors, the research concluded: "Our conclusion is that up to 4-5 kg of minor actinides can be burnt by an ADS facility during the first year of its operation."

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ExOne, a North Huntingdon manufacturing company that relies on technology some speculate will fuel the next industrial revolution, has filed plans to raise up to $75 million through a public offering of an undisclosed number of shares.

Documents the company filed Tuesday with the Securities and Exchange Commission indicate ExOne will use the proceeds to expand its capacity and capabilities, pay off a $9.6 million line of credit it has with its majority stockholder and repurchase production equipment it leases from two related entities for $3 million.

No information was provided about how the shares will be priced. The IPO is being managed by FBR Capital Markets.

The filing indicates ExOne lost $11.1 million in the first nine months of last year on revenue of $15.9 million. ExOne said 30 percent of its revenue for the nine-month period came from the Americas, 34 percent from Europe and 29 percent from Asia.

The company lost $8 million in 2011 on revenue of $15.3 million.

ExOne is one of a growing number of companies that rely on 3-D printing to make complex parts using digital imaging. Its customers include Boeing, Ford Motor, BMW, Caterpillar and Deere & Co.

So-called 3-D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves slicing digital images of industrial pumps, automotive equipment and other products into hundreds or thousands of layers the width of a human hair. That data is sent to a 3-D printer similar to an inkjet printer.

But instead of ink, the printer emits alternating layers of sand and powdered materials into a box, where a liquid binder holds the layers together, resulting in a physical version of the digital image.

The technology eliminates weeks of bending, molding, punching, grinding and machining parts that must then be assembled into a finished product. Advocates say 3-D printing will revolutionize industry by bringing more manufacturing back to the United States.

ExOne currently makes products out of ceramic, stainless steel, bronze and glass. The filing stated proceeds from the offering will help it move into titanium, aluminum, tungsten carbide and other materials.

ExOne grew out of Extrude Hone Corp. and was acquired for $7.2 million in 2007 by S. Kent Rockwell, ExOne's chairman and majority shareholder. Mr. Rockwell and other owners have invested another $40.7 million in equity and debt since then, the document states.

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When choosing their wedding band, many men and women choose to go the Tungsten ring route. This is a good choice. One advantage, especially for men, is that tungsten wedding bands require much less care and tend to maintain their look better than gold or platinum wedding rings. Unlike gold or platinum rings, which are softer metals, tungsten rings are very durable and scratch resistant. For example, gold rings can scratch even while you’re cleaning them.

However, just because tungsten carbide rings are extremely durable does not mean that they do not need to be cleaned at all. All forms of jewelry, including tungsten jewelry, require maintenance. However, you must take care to use the proper cleaning solutions and techniques so that you do not cause damage to your ring.

Cleaning your ring:

To get started, here are some suggested items to get started for cleaning your tungsten ring: a clean cotton towel, mild hand soap and an old toothbrush.

Turn on the water and rinse your ring. Place some of the mild hand soap you are using onto the toothbrush you are going to use. Then, simply clean the ring using the toothbrush. The bristles of the brush are great for getting into any grooves, if your ring has any.

If your ring is extremely dirty, you can soak your ring in a mixture of warm water and soap for about half an hour. After done soaking, clean as described above.

Important Information regarding cleaning your tungsten:

Do not, by any means, using any harsh cleaning materials/chemicals such as ammonia, bleach or chlorine. These chemicals can damage your tungsten ring. It would be wise to avoid any chlorine treated pools or Jacuzzis when using your ring. Avoid using jewelry cleaning solutions as they are generally designed for other types of jewelry materials.

Ultrasonic jewelry cleaners are not recommended either. Ultrasonic jewelry cleaners aren’t necessary to make your tungsten ring look its best. Moreover, the solutions ultrasonic jewelry cleaners tend to use, may damage your tungsten ring.

How to Properly Care for your Tungsten ring.

The key thing for the care of your ring is to avoid harsh chemicals. If you regularly use bleach in your household cleaning or laundry, it is best to remove your ring before engaging in those activities. If, however, you accidentally get some of these harsh chemicals on your ring, it is best to quickly rinse your ring off and clean the ring with soap and water as described above.

Now that your ring is looking sharp again after removing the grime, you’ll notice that your ring will not have any scratches. The ring, while scratch resistant, is not indestructible. Note: the ring is not indestructible and can be scratched, by diamonds, the hardest substance on earth. Given enough shock or pressure a tungsten ring (or even a diamond) can break. Reputable retailers usually offer a free lifetime warranty for these kinds of accidents.

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