The emission efficiency of barium tungsten electrodes is the result of the coupling of multiple influencing factors, mainly involving material properties, preparation process, working conditions and environment, etc.

The thermal expansion coefficient of barium tungsten electrode is mainly affected by factors such as material composition (ratio of barium to tungsten, doping elements), microstructure (grain size, porosity), preparation process (sintering, pressing, heat treatment) and use environment (temperature, atmosphere).

The factors affecting the surface roughness of barium tungsten electrodes involve multiple links such as material preparation, working environment, processing technology and post-treatment, and their formation mechanism is complex and interrelated.

The grain size of barium tungsten electrode is crucial to its performance (such as electron emission ability, thermal stability and mechanical strength), and its influencing factors can be summarized as follows: