Bai He decade, creating rare earth "made" wealth creation myth
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 15:19
Sichuan, in Yizhou , Azusa , Lee states , Kuizhou four named. Because of the Qin Dynasty in Sichuan had belonged to Pakistan , Shu two vassal state , so known as " Ba " ; this Youyi Chengyu Economic Zone as the main body of China 's fourth largest economic growth pole.
In Chengdu, Sichuan to the west , there is a special company, by virtue of their innovative elements to create the world's most advanced rare earth luminescent technology, so China 's optoelectronics industry 's dream once again shine - this is the source of Sichuan Sony Corporation .
Afterglow from unique technology to the joint rare earth Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, LED strobe overcome the problem of the exchange , from tenacious " attack" the Japanese industry giants with 2732 LED light source and then won the Shanghai World Expo Organizing Committee , " the highest honor Award " from the start of the Chengdu Hi-tech Zone enterprise , the first to lead the world 's rare earth luminescent technology issued by China to the world " wisdom " made the strongest voice .
Recently, according to the lighting in the Eighth Awards held recently , the Sony Corporation , respectively, with light , " AC LED light engine " and " Chengdu Metro Line indoor lighting project" to get technological innovation II Prize and Award for outstanding lighting design award . This award is the highest award in the field of domestic lighting , Sony source has also become the first to receive the award in Sichuan enterprises .
Why Sony source in the industry award -winning , what magic it developed rare earth luminescent technology ? Do this , "Guangdong LED" reporter interviewed Zhao Kun , vice president of Sony source companies.
Innovation and transformation to adapt to changes in the mentality
"This is not powered applications of rare earth luminescent materials , will greatly reduce the world's non-renewable energy use. "Zhao Kun , vice president of Sony source said that the rare earth industry is called the" MSG . " In fact , rare earth luminescent materials can be applied to many areas of escape , fire , etc. : Back in 2002 , the streets of Chengdu residential use both developed by Sony light rare earth luminescent signs ; Now, into the Chengdu Metro Line 1 , you will find a lot of small yellow road signs, they are directed to create Sony source identification : Once an emergency occurs , it is possible to issue a vague green , the floors, walls form a continuous emission bands , thus forming a three-dimensional escape system .
Zhao Kun told reporters , long afterglow luminescent rare earth luminescent materials have a very magical ability, during the day , can take the initiative to absorb visible light or sunlight , as long as 10 minutes or so , you can dark at night , two or three ten hours continuous light , up to more than 50 hours , pictures, writing , etc. within 50 meters are clearly visible.
Sony Source Co., Ltd. was established in Sichuan in April 2004 , is a professional engaged in rare earth luminescent materials and LED lighting products, scientific research , development, manufacture and sales of high-tech joint-stock enterprises, employees five or six hundred people . The company is located at the 2nd Suntec West Park Road, Chengdu Hi-tech Zone , covers an area of 100 acres, has built area of 12,000 square meters, construction area of 55,000 square meters. Passed the ISO9001 quality management system certification , ISO14001 environmental management system certification , OHSAS18001 occupational health and safety management system certification.
Zhao Kun , vice president of R & D Co., Ltd. , Sichuan Sony source , and Sony source , like many others , he was very pleased that he is " rare-earth wisdom made" the creators of this dream . Zhao Kun told reporters Sony AC LED light source to create lighting products using proprietary communication LED phosphors, phosphor solve this Philips, Osram lighting and other international giants are unable to solve the problem of flicker .
It uses Luminescence lifetime controllable, long afterglow luminescent rare earth technology and semiconductor lighting technology combined cycle when the voltage changes in the phosphor brightness delay + AC drives under two aspects make up the light-emitting strobe effect , which in the industry is a major breakthrough.
This AC -DC LED LED energy-saving equipment than the average of 15% , compared with the general energy-saving lamps saving 50 %, while consumption of traditional incandescent only 1/8-1/10 . And this exchange LED phosphor is applied to semiconductor lighting products , you can greatly protect the eyes.
He also told reporters that now some more integrated LED lights , light sources and drive integrated in the thin volume was significantly down . Not only that , Zhao Kun also discussed the future of LED expressed their views : the future of LED lamps in the shape , dimming control method will be different from the traditional alternative LED lights.
Therefore , Sony source with a leading global rare earth luminescent technology, based on the country , the situation and actively integrate into the global development, promote industrial upgrading , to seize the commanding heights of strategic emerging industries .
Decade of sword , focus and development. Sony source adhering to the " human lighting Better Life" mission , focusing on LED lighting and rare earth luminescent materials , continuous innovation, research institutions and universities , such as Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Tsinghua University, Sichuan University, University of Electronic Science and Technology established long-term cooperative relationship , made a number of core technology in the technical field , with more than 660 rare earth luminescent materials and LED lighting patents. Research and development of LED lights, tunnel lights , downlights , grille , mining lamps , light boxes , more than 10 series, nearly 100 specifications. All of these sources allow Sony to become the focus of Sichuan, the country and the world's attention .
With differentiated products shaping the core competitiveness
Through the development of differentiated products , to improve competitiveness , innovation and transformation to adapt to changes in the mentality . Zhao Kun , vice president of research and development Sony source pointed out that Sony now proceed to complete the light again in another dream: the idea to build one hundred billion Sichuan LED lighting industry . Here 's the difference, in addition to restructuring and adjustments enterprises to upgrade their products also includes innovative technology, subjective factors and objective reasons in the cross , the differences in the timing of innovative enterprises have to .
Zhao Kun told reporters that the promotion of efficient semiconductor lighting (LED) products, promote energy conservation , stimulating the development of LED lighting and related industries , the formation of a competitive strategic emerging industries and economic growth, the popularity of LED lighting applications major significance . But so far, the domestic use of LED lights as the home market of lighting equipment to be further opened. He said that the annual consumption of electricity of millions for large department stores , LED lights might be a good choice --- compared to conventional incandescent lamps, each LED lights can usually save 70% electricity consumption , and longer life.
"For example, a few years ago Maoyebaihuo had had the idea to replace the LED lamps , but they are hesitant to make a purchase for the transformation of lamps and lighting equipment , each store would need 100 million to 300 million range for transformation into a one-time , transforming the country add up to more than a dozen stores would be a huge investment . Not to mention not tried before LED products , we can not determine whether the energy savings after the transformation can really achieve the desired results . "Zhao Kun said.
In order to dispel the LED products in Shenzhen Maoyebaihuo doubts , Sichuan Co., Ltd. set up a Sony source contract energy management solutions (EMC mode ) , and is responsible for installation and maintenance ; Maoyebaihuo have the right to manage and use , savings agreed by the parties into electricity . This can be done Maoyebaihuo Shenzhen LED lighting retrofits in public areas of the mall in the early zero input condition.
Sony Maoyebaihuo first light source and Shenzhen signed a LED lighting retrofit contract : Sony source which provides LED lighting and equipment to complete lighting retrofits Shenzhen Maoyebaihuo various mall stores . After the transformation is complete, there will be a time of sharing between Maoyebaihuo and Sony source . During this time , the mall needs according to the proportion of the contract , will return the actual electricity savings Sony new lighting system to light until Sony source recover the initial investment cost of reconstruction , and earn a reasonable income. After sharing period , the mall can enjoy tariff savings income alone brought up .
"EMC project payback period is usually three to five years to , if the product is broken within this period will need to be repeated inputs ; while energy- efficient if the product is not enough, according to contract requirements can not save a sufficient number of electricity, will lead time and investment can not be recovered. "Zhao Kun told reporters that , from a technical standpoint , Sony LED light source products in the life and energy efficiency of these two indicators have already attained , and now prices gradually dropped after a reasonable interval , EMC needs to become increasingly bigger.
It is understood that the Shenzhen Maoyebaihuo have begun to enjoy the lighting energy savings brought about a transformation in the lighting system has completed the transformation of Shenzhen Huaqiang , had 2.46 million of the annual electricity consumption has dropped to 95 million degrees , reduce energy consumption 60% of the electricity savings reached 1.36 million yuan . Meanwhile, the second generation of Sony source provides communication technology LED downlight for this transformation , the service life of 50,000 hours , Shenzhen Huaqiang Maoyebaihuo also expected to save $ 1.4 million over the next six light years to replace costs and administrative expenses of $ 500,000 .
Sony constantly changing light through its own development, and actively guide the development of the industry , and promote the continuous upgrading of the entire industry. As Zhao Kun said, through the promotion and application of the technology and will revolutionize the concept of downstream lighting and lighting industry , is expected to form a new generation of billions stage lighting and lighting industries.
Rare cast "made " corporate power dream
As an innovation -driven development of high-tech enterprises , Sony insist on the implementation of intellectual property strategy to own intellectual property rights and technical standards , its own brand as the company's development of innovative ideas , the patented technology as a core long-term competitiveness , which met patent dispute problem solved finally successful without government support and encouragement.
In addition, people continue to insist with Sony source learning about , learning company , the concept of in-depth learning staff to every Sony human bone marrow. Moreover, Sony source continued with an open mind , and constantly look at ourselves , always in favor of the company's development direction.
Over the years, Sony source always adhere to innovation -driven task, it is this constant sense of innovation in the field of the light source so that Sony 's in possession of an important seat , and this innovation will affect more people , more businesses .
Sony Corporation joint source Sichuan Academy of Sciences , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry overcome the AC LED strobe problem, making China the only country in the world to master low strobe AC LED products through the production of rare earth phosphors , the technology has reached the international advanced level. June 16, 2013 , after the expert team composed of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Sony source of "light余辉寿life controllable LED light rare earth materials research and its application in the semiconductor lighting " project, a major breakthrough in the industry , reached the international advanced level , making China the only country in the world to master low strobe AC LED products through the production of rare earth phosphors .
In the historical process to become a leader in LED lighting industry , the company achieved rapid growth in recent years , the industry miracles . Starting in 2008 , Sony comprehensive source LED lighting products to the market , a major breakthrough in the fields of road lighting, tunnel lighting , subway lighting , shopping malls and indoor lighting. Winning and successfully completed the Beijing Olympics ( Paralympics ) 21 venues guide identifies the project , has been selected as the "2008 China Top Ten Growth Star" CCTV CCTV-2 and Chinese SME associations . And was awarded " the contract and trustworthy enterprise", " the most innovative enterprises", "the most effective energy saving business results" , " high-tech enterprises in Sichuan Province ," " knowledge , Sichuan Province property business model " " 2011 Forbes China enterprises "and other honors. Sony source explosive growth , the first to complete the western region's largest " city of ten thousand " road lighting demonstration project - Chengdu Hi-tech road 1500 West 13 Street project , and won the Chengdu Hi-tech Zone , " one hundred industrial enterprises pay taxes "title .
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Rare deserted market generally stable, the market turnover is not active
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:54
Currently RE market generally remained stable , individual product prices continue to shock , the market turnover is not active , trading colder . Gadolinium iron market today, with some suppliers , according to understand , now without gadolinium iron ticket price 145,000 yuan / ton , subject to cost constraints, with fewer low-priced supplier willing to ship . Ganzhou gadolinium oxide with a vote two days offer a more concentrated around 155,000 yuan / ton, the businessmen said the magnitude of price changes before the holiday will not be much .
Lanthanum, cerium products market , with the Baotou area today , according to the manufacturers know that the lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide stable markets, prices remained at last week's level , currently 3N lanthanum oxide , cerium oxide with ticket prices at 2.5-2.6 ten thousand yuan / ton, according to Ganzhou with local suppliers is understood both priced at 22,000 yuan / ton, according to the South shows the current precious metal exchange prices both rose slightly slightly , but less magnitude , the price of 23,000 about . According to Fu Bao know that the lanthanum cerium alloy prices have been at the lowest position of the year , with votes at around 40,000 yuan / ton.
Erbium oxide market, because years ago, fewer and fewer manufacturers procurement requirements, some suppliers are willing to slightly reduce the price of shipping , according to a supplier Ganzhou reflect shipping erbium oxide prices have now fallen to 320,000 yuan / ton, while the other supplier said no recent orders , foreign offer is still 335,000 yuan / ton. Neodymium oxide market is deserted demand , traders said there is relatively high because of the cost , and now external offer 32 yuan / ton.
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Lang Said-Squandered Chinese Rare Earth Resources Is Oolong
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:52
Lang said - squandered China's rare earth resources is Oolong,"Dilute" instead of the mystery behind.
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Rare patent as an entry point to participate in international competition
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:49
One of the rare earth as LED lamps essential raw materials, rare earth market fluctuations will affect the development of the little LED industry. 2013 Chinese rare earth market overall downturn of upstream and downstream enterprises to produce what kind of impact ? How should the next year to develop? Wherein the rare earth industry chain downstream LED fluorescent powder industry is extremely competitive, companies within the industry how to grasp the initiative and win opportunities of development ?
Please tell us about the rare earth market conditions throughout the year , what changes ?
Summer: From the point of view of China's rare earth market this year , from the beginning to now there should be a clear downward trend overall , although in June to July there is a slow rise , but for now is still gradually go down, for the entire industry development is not too favorable . For example, in the upper reaches of the rare earth industry enterprises , like Rising Rare , Rising Nonferrous net profit last year, these companies still have a relatively sharp decline , comprehensive tricyclic , logs Sunrise two companies net profit and sales revenue are not particularly desirable , Cologne shares before the company nine months net profit fell sharply to 90% , the impact on the rare earth market is relatively large , greater influence by chemical materials , the market impact of RD aspect is relatively small, the whole is not particularly desirable.
Do you think the rare earth market factors affecting what ? Next year there will be what changes ?
Summer : This year there are two factors that affect the rare earth market , one industry as a whole the economic downturn , the other is the supply and demand relationship has changed greatly . This year due to the increase of domestic enterprises, causing the entire market order imbalance, resulting in a slowdown of the industry , but also need to focus on in 2014 to solve the problem .
For the next year the market separately from this point of view in terms of the phosphor segments of the market will be stabilized, but also showed some decline, but should be able to be suppressed . Overall, the market order should be better next year than this year, the market situation is relatively optimistic.
Grirem business involves a wide range of products in the industry market share how ? Size of this market in the LED or sales how ?
Summer: There are now more than a month away from the end of the year , from the current point of view, there is research of rare earth products in the market share of about 20-25 %, compared with 15 percent growth last year . In this single LED business , LED phosphor development is more prominent, the results showed a 100% increase compared to last year , including overall sales market share , brand recognition degree has increased. At the same time , the impact on the industry as a whole can not be ignored Institute of Rare Earth , which is still somewhat worried.
The industry is very competitive, you think there is anything Grirem main profit point and maximum pressure is ?
Summer: Grirem recent years has been a focus on brand building , increased investment in product research and development to improve the extent and has , this year, the brand still got bigger recognition. Grirem main point is the main profit Pink products , our profitability has played a crucial role in the future will focus on this .
As for the pressure , the pressure is now the most significant price competition. Because of price competition in the first three quarters of 2013 has demonstrated very clearly , the market prices fell 60-70 %, especially the usage of LED gluten , if we do not differentiate , indeed very large impact . Another one , we see the whole industry technical standards , including Pink skill levels are increased, but Grirem maintained a comparative advantage , which is our long-term development of a critical point .
Mentioned phosphors, in fact, not open around the problem is that the patent , filed phosphor patents, patent cases do you think the international community is like ?
Summer : Patent is indeed a problem that we can not evade . Especially key materials , such as phosphor, Grirem gluten and yellow-green powder in the international aspects of patent , in recent years has been authorized to domestic and foreign customers , and has been recognized by relatively large , in terms of these two , there are better able to support the research and development of rare earths . Especially in the face of foreign customers , there is no patent is a key condition you can enter this customer , Grirem patented as an entry point to an important aspect of becoming a leading domestic competitors .
In addition , Pink aspects of the company's future is indeed a profitable point , but in a bad situation to resolve the patent , is bound to have a relatively large impact on our sales in the international market . From 2010 to now has been in research and application of rare earth international patents, while we are still technically improve the overall IP technology in moving forward . Grirem in Pink technology is very good, because after all, did not get the patent , so relatively cautious in foreign markets , then we will find new customers with foreign cooperation meeting point.
In the fluorescent powder industry localization situation? On the technical side , the foreign situation how ?
Summer : From the domestic point of view, like LED yellow powder , green powder, localization rate of 30 percent last year, should be able to reach 50-60% , it should be said to play a supporting role in the development of domestic LED . In terms of cost , to better closer to the needs of the people . Pink LED market , especially in the future , I hope as soon as the key issues are resolved out , hoping the localization of the road that gets along .
In this technique , you may not have a phosphor enterprise champion internationally Grirem occupy certain advantages in some areas. From Overall, foreign companies to stay ahead in terms of technology or from Grirem technical terms , yellow powder technology with foreign technology is basically the same , from Pink perspective, basically there is not much difference , orange and green phosphors phosphor from the best foreign technology or a certain distance, which is Grirem including domestic companies need to catch up.
Integration is the trend of the future development of semiconductor lighting industry , in the rare earth industry has such a trend , how do you see this trend ? Grirem have no plans in this regard ?
Summer: LED fluorescent material as a small part of the segments , it can achieve a very good development , in fact, is the result of every business wants to see . We see the listing of shares in Cologne , is one of the fluorescent material excited the whole point . In addition, from OSRAM equity swap with China in terms of rare , little guidance on the LED industry . OSRAM in time to see the development prospects of the industry, from the perspective of the reorganization , LED impact is not great . We have not seen a case where restructuring, mergers and acquisitions in the LED business , there may be 2014 , 2015 can be seen . Grirem for these restructuring, we hope to be able to long-term healthy development of the industry , such as development time to a degree , certainly top five , top three would be a little higher degree of concentration , that is what we need to do in the future and want to see.
Grirem rare earth industry is already several companies before you some kind of advice on the development of domestic rare earth industry ?
Summer: mentioned proposal , companies would have to pay attention to the development of their own brand building , brand market share there , but there is no good quality , not a good team, there is no patent on the brand to help it is difficult to do long term. Grirem in these areas in recent years spent a lot of effort, it is hoped to be able to do more long-term brand . In addition , standing fifty or sixty competitor standpoint, we still stand on the relatively high product highly competitive , not only price competition, we hope to see all-round competition on brands, patents , quality to promote healthy, orderly and long-term development of LED phosphor industry .
This year is the tenth anniversary of National Semiconductor Lighting Project , standing on such a node , the next decade , companies within the industry how to grasp the initiative and win the opportunity of development ?
Summer : In the past decade is the very rapid development of LED industry ten years , under the CSA guidance, help in national policy to achieve leapfrog development. We also saw a number of key indicators, including small to large enterprises incubator , indeed the whole of China , including the development of the whole world has played a very important role. The next decade , should achieve more leaps and bounds in the past decade based on , but still many problems to be solved . On this basis , through our joint efforts to make real the next decade , we must not only do the LED big country , but also to make LED power. We want to build our own brand, to achieve a single enterprise sales income of more than $ 10 billion , to reach or talk to foreign manufacturers have formed an equal footing from a certain aspect of the competition along with them have a good situation .
In fact, the semiconductor lighting gives a lot of imagination, it has a lot of possibilities , you kind of expect some of it ? Do you think will reach what level ? Give us what changes it ?
Summer: the past in terms of simple incandescent A source evolved over the years , there have been many intermediate and light . From the current point of view , LED light source lighting , display areas have seen a very big prospect , but at a certain node LED light source can do a lot of market share. From the influence of life in terms of LED , LED light not only as a simple , but also deep into our lives , LED possible future with smart watches , robots combine and into ordinary families , LED inside the robot can play a role, with to guide the robot . In addition , LED light source can also be used in medical, biological , agricultural and other fields, especially in agricultural areas , in rare Grirem agricultural past have done a lot of work in the agricultural market of rare earth hoping to get better help , we look forward to this development .
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"Lipton" Iron Goddess of Mercy Rare Exceeded More Than 3 Times
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:48
"Lipton"iron goddess of mercy rare exceeded more than 3 times.
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Rare Lecture Topics-The Next Set of System Operation
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:45
Rare lecture topics - the next set of system operation.
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RE Investment Seminar
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:42
RE Investment Seminar Video.
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January 16, 2014 Price of rare earth products
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:40
January 16, 2014 Price of rare earth products
Name | Specifications | Origin / Mark | Reference Price | Average | Change |
Rare earth carbonate | REO 42.0-45.0% | Domestic | 24000-25000 yuan / ton | 24500 | 0 |
Lanthanum oxide | La2O3/TREO 99.5-99.9% | Domestic | 22000-23000 yuan / ton | 22500 | 0 |
Cerium oxide | CeO2/TREO 99.5-99.9% | Domestic | 23000-25000 yuan / ton | 23000 | -500 |
Praseodymium oxide | Pr6O11/TREO 99.0-99.9% | Domestic | 560000-580000 yuan / ton | 560000 | -5000 |
Neodymium oxide | Nd2O3/TREO 99.0-99.9% | Domestic | 305000-315000 yuan / ton | 305000 | -5000 |
Samarium oxide | Sm2O3/TREO 99.5-99.9% | Domestic | 18000-19000 yuan / ton | 18000 | 0 |
Europium oxide | Eu2O3/TREO 99.95-99.99% | Domestic | 4300-4500 yuan / kg | 4350 | 0 |
Gadolinium oxide | Gd2O3/TREO 99.5-99.9% | Domestic | 152000-158000 yuan / ton | 154000 | 0 |
Terbium oxide | Tb4O7/TREO 99.95-99.99% | Domestic | 3300-3400 yuan / kg | 3250 | -100 |
Dysprosium oxide | Dy2O3/TREO 99.5-99.9% | Domestic | 1650-1750 yuan / kg | 1700 | 0 |
Erbium oxide | Er2O3/TREO 99.5-99.9% | Domestic | 330000-350000 yuan / ton | 330000 | -1000 |
Yttria | Y2O3/TREO 99.995-99.999% | Domestic | 55000-60000 yuan / ton | 57500 | 0 |
Praseodymium , neodymium oxide | (Nd2O3 + Pr6O11) / TREO ≥ 75.0% | Domestic | 305000-315000 yuan / ton | 310000 | 0 |
Metal lanthanum | La / TREM ≥ 99.0% | Domestic | 53000-55000 yuan / ton | 53000 | 0 |
Metal cerium | Ce / TREM ≥ 99.0% | Domestic | 58000-62000 yuan / ton | 60000 | 0 |
Metal Pr | Pr / TREM 96.0-99.0% | Domestic | 800000-820000 yuan / ton | 810000 | 0 |
Neodymium | Nd / TREM 99.0-99.9% | Domestic | 395000-405000 yuan / ton | 400000 | 0 |
Metal terbium | Tb / TREM ≥ 99.9% | Domestic | 4800-4900 yuan / kg | 4850 | 0 |
Dysprosium | Dy / TREM ≥ 99% | Domestic | 2400-2600 yuan / kg | 2500 | 0 |
Metal yttrium | Y / TREM 99.9-99.95% | Domestic | 270-290 yuan / kg | 280 | 0 |
Lanthanum cerium metal | Ce / TREM ≥ 65.0% TREM ≥ 98.5% | Domestic | 42000-44000 yuan / ton | 43000 | 0 |
Praseodymium neodymium metal | Pr / TREM 20-25% Nd / TREM 75-80% TREM ≥ 98.5% | Domestic | 390000-400000 yuan / ton | 382500 | 0 |
Praseodymium , neodymium and dysprosium metal | TREM ≥ 99.0% | Domestic | 405000-415000 yuan / ton | 410000 | 0 |
Battery grade mixed rare earth | TREM ≥ 99.0% Nd / TREM ≥ 15% | Domestic | 135000-145000 yuan / ton | 140000 | 0 |
Dy alloy | Dy80% | Domestic | 1700000-1800000 yuan / ton | 1750000 |
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2013 12.29 Zeng City: Some Potential Illegal Trafficking of Rare Earth Villagers Rebellion
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:39
2013 12.29 Zeng city:Some potential illegal trafficking of rare earth villagers rebellion.
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U.S. Warplanes Assembly Needs Chinese Rare Earth Resources
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- Category: Rare Earth News
- Published on Thursday, 16 January 2014 14:36
U.S. warplanes assembly needs China's rare earth resources.
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