Now there are two kinds of W-Cu alloy preparation methods, which are traditional methods and modern methods. The alloy made by tungsten and copper with 10% ~ 50% copper content has good electrical and thermal conductivity, high temperature strength and plasticity to some degree.

Tungsten oxide (WO3) has been used as a photocatalyst, gas sensor, and acid catalyst over the past several decades. WO3-based catalysts having acidic properties can be classified into several groups. One group includes WO3 crystals and those doped with foreign elements in a nanowire structure, which are used as catalysts and gas sensors.

Glycerol is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. It serves as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener, and may help preserve foods in food industries. It is even further used in in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have drawn wide attention because of their incomparable advantages including low cost, easy to manufacture, environmental-friendly and high theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). However, traditional Pt CE materials are expensive, have a limited source, and are easily corroded by the I3−/I− electrolyte.