Tungsten bulbs, particularly tungsten halogen bulbs, are among the most popular bulbs for use in indoor photo shoots. Tungsten bulbs are ready available, fairly inexpensive, predictable and create a warm tone. Tungsten bulbs, while most commonly used in black and white film photography, can be used by virtually any photographer regardless of experience.

Instructions

1
Keep your tungsten lights mounted on safe and stable stands, as tungsten lights burn hotter than other types of bulbs. If a bulb falls or is brushed by a person or object, it can quickly start a fire. If you are rearranging your light setting, moving light stands or working with the bulbs, turn them off and unplug the power source to prevent accidents.

2
Choose the right film for the job. Tungsten lights are most commonly used with black and white film photography, as the light warms the image. However, it color photography, tungsten lighting can add a slightly red hue. Therefore, if using tungsten lighting in color photography, be sure to choose tungsten films designed for this type of lighting.

3
Dim your tungsten lights while setting up the photograph and focusing you camera, turning the lights to full strength only to take the shot. Tungsten light burn very hot and will quickly disturb you, your assistants and your live subject. The bulbs will also burn out quickly if left on full strength. Never use tungsten lighting when shooting plants, animals or insects and the heat is too much.

4
Create dramatic lights and darks in your photos with a simple tungsten light set up of your choice. While other forms of lighting can easily fill a room with light, tungsten tends to focus light only where directed, which can be used to the photographer's advantage in a controlled setting. If you would like to flood-fill the room with light, it is best to use additional light sources, such as natural daylight or other types of bulbs.

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Tungsten carbide and titanium both have become popular for use in men's jewelry in recent years. On first inspection these two metals may seem very similar, but in fact, there are many differences between the two, including the weight, ductility and price of the metals.

Cost
The price of titanium jewelry is generally much lower than the price of tungsten carbide. This is due to the equipment, labor and time required to achieve the desired appearance of tungsten. Another factor that contributes to the higher price of tungsten is the temperature required to melt and form the metal, which is 6000 degrees Fahrenheit. A specialized environment, such as a vacuum, is needed to achieve this temperature.

Ductility
Ductility is the amount a material will deform in response to stress. The ductility of titanium is greater than tungsten carbide. This means that if a titanium ring is subjected to a great stress, such as being run over by a car, it would bend out of its round shape. A ring that is constructed from tungsten carbide would completely shatter.

Allergic Reactions
For most people, titanium will not cause an allergic reaction. Some wearers may suffer an allergic reaction to tungsten carbide that contains the alloy cobalt. Interestingly, nickel, another alloy that utilized in tungsten carbide, does not cause an allergic reaction in people who are otherwise allergic to nickel.

Hardness
Both tungsten carbide and titanium are harder than gold, silver and platinum. This is because the alloys used in both metals offer strength to these metals that under most circumstances are virtually indestructible. If jewelry made from tungsten carbide and titanium were placed under extremely abrasive conditions, such as the cut of a diamond, a tungsten carbide ring would prove stronger than the titanium.

Weight
Titanium is generally lighter than tungsten because it has a lower density. On average, tungsten carbide is 90% heavier than stainless steel, while titanium is around 43% lighter than stainless steel.

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Steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, comes in many varieties. Mixed with other metals, it takes on different properties. Tungsten was one of the first metals used to improve steel. It adds strength to steel over a wide temperature range.

Alloys' Value
Metals that have been mixed to obtain materials with new properties are called alloys. Mixing steel with small amounts of other metals, such as vanadium, cobalt and tungsten, contributes strength, hardness and corrosion resistance.

Tungsten Properties
Tungsten, like iron, is a basic chemical element. It stands up to heat better than any other metal, having the highest melting point, 6192 degrees F (3695 C), and the highest tensile strength at temperatures over 3000 F (1650 C). It also expands less than any other pure metal from heat and has high resistance to corrosion.

Applications
Cutting tools, such as drill bits, produce great heat from friction. Tungsten, added to steel in amounts varying from 2 to 18 percent (along with small amounts of molybdenum and vanadium), maintains the metal's strength at high temperatures. Called high-speed steel, it goes into making drill bits, milling bits, saw blades and other tools.

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Tungsten disulfide is commonly known by its chemical formula, WS2. Tungsten disulfide can be used as a dry lubricant for mechanical parts, and is often preferred because it can be used within a wide range of temperatures and will not introduce contaminants into the machinery.

Sandblasting equipment can be used to apply the lubricant. Otherwise, WS2 can be applied with a buffing wheel. If the WS2 can be mixed with wet lubricants in your application, it may be added to oil or other lubricants. If you are applying WS2 to small parts, a tumbler may be used.

Instructions

Buffing

1
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

2
Mix the tungsten disulfide powder with rubbing alcohol in a small glass jar. Start by pouring in just a small amount of alcohol and mixing thoroughly with a spoon. Keep pouring more alcohol until you have a grey paste.

3
Spread the paste onto the part and the buffing wheel. Allow them some time to dry thoroughly.

4
Turn on the wheel and press the part up against it, turning the part and buffing it until the part is coated a grey color.

Tumbling

5
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

6
Put several of your small parts or bullets into the empty aspirin bottle.

7
Fill the bottle three-quarters of the way up with tungsten disulfide.

8
Place the bottle in the tumbler. Turn the tumbler on for approximately five hours.

Add Tungsten Disulfide to Lubrication

9
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

10
Mix some tungsten disulfide in with fresh lubrication, oil or grease.

11
Grease the part, change the oil oar and apply the new lubrication. The tungsten disulfide will slowly coat the parts as the lubrication moves through the machinery.

Sand Blasting

12
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

13
Blast the part with a light layer of aluminum oxide.

14
Clean the part off with a clean soft cloth so there is no trace of aluminum oxide powder.

15
Set the sand blaster to 120 PSI and to cold pneumatic air. Blast the tungsten disulfide onto the part until the part becomes a silver-grey color.

16
Clean the excess tungsten disulfide dust off with another clean cloth. Do not rub too hard or you will remove the powder.

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